Geometric and Military Compasses

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{{Template invention
{{Template invention
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|nome= Nome coniato dall'inventore.
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Name coined by the inventor.
|inventore= Galileo Galilei
|inventore= Galileo Galilei
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|data= 1597
|data= 1597
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|descrizione= Inventato da Galileo nel 1597 ma pubblicato solo nel 1606, il "compasso geometrico e militare" svolge tutte le operazioni necessarie all'arte militare, dalla misura dei calibri e del peso dei proietti, al puntamento dei cannoni, alla risoluzione di vari problemi aritmetici, proporzionali e di geometria piana e solida, al calcolo delle pendenze, delle distanze, delle altezze e delle profondità. A tale scopo le sue gambe sono fornite di varie scale o linee proporzionali dette, dei "metalli", "stereometriche", "geometriche", "aritmetiche" (nella faccia anteriore), "poligrafiche", "tetragoniche" e "aggiunte" (nella faccia posteriore). Quando il compasso opera come [[squadra dei bombardieri]], come [[quadrante]] o come [[quadrato geometrico]], le sue gambe sono tenute fisse ad angolo retto per mezzo di un "quarto di cerchio" che porta incise varie scale: quella dei bombardieri, divisa in 12 parti, quella dei gradi (90°), quella delle pendenze, divisa in 10 parti, e quella del [[quadrato delle ombre]], divisa in 200 parti (100+100). Galileo non descrive l'operazione di rilevamento territoriale che tuttavia è aggiunta alle operazioni del "compasso" in una versione del trattato galileiano pubblicata nel 1663 a Lione nell'"Opera omnia" di Girolamo Cardano. Sebbene lo strumento fosse principalmente destinato a svolgere operazioni militari, le sue applicazioni erano di fatto utilizzabili in ogni altra professione che richiedeva cognizioni anche elementari di aritmetica e geometria, rivelandosi di grande utilità per mercanti, banchieri, artigiani, ingegneri, topografi e astronomi. Tra il 1598 e il 1608, Galileo istruisce all’uso del suo strumento alcuni dei più potenti sovrani d’Europa, come il Principe Giovanni Federico di Alsazia, l'Arciduca Ferdinando d'Austria, il Langravio Filippo di Assia e il Duca di Mantova, Vincenzo I Gonzaga. Nel 1606 ne costruisce un esemplare in argento per il principe Cosimo de’Medici a cui dedica il trattato su ''Le operazioni del compasso geometrico et militare'' pubblicato a Padova quello stesso anno.Il successo del compasso geometrico e militare, da cui Galileo ricavò anche una discreta rendita economica, provocò ben presto un’aspra polemica nel mondo accademico sulla paternità dell’invenzione. Alcuni sentori di un possibile plagio Galileo li registrò già nel 1603, quando l’olandese Jan Eutel Zieckmesser presentò a Padova un compasso del tutto simile al suo. Chiarita la priorità dell’invenzione in un pubblico confronto in casa di Jacopo Cornaro, Galileo decise di comporre ''Le operazioni del compasso geometrico e militare'' al fine di prevenire le pretese di altri possibili usurpatori. Otto mesi dopo la pubblicazione, tuttavia, Baldassarre Capra, che aveva appreso l’uso dello strumento proprio da Galileo in casa Cornaro, pubblicò in latino le operazioni del compasso rivendicando la paternità dell’invenzione: ''Usus et fabrica circini cuiusdam proportionis'', Padova 1607.
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|descrizione=  
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Invented by Galileo in 1597 but published only in 1606, the "geometric and military compass" served to carry out all of the operations required by the art of warfare: measuring calibers and weights of shot, aiming cannons, solving arithmetical and proportional problems as well as those of plane and solid geometry, calculating gradients, distances, heights and depths. For this purpose its legs bear various scales or proportional lines, called of the "metals", "stereometric", "geometric", "arithmetical" (on the front), "polygraphic", "tetragonic" and "additional" (on the rear). When the compass operates as [[Gunner's Square | gunner's square]], as [[quadrant]] or as [[Geometrical Square | geometrical square]], its legs are held fixed at right angles by means of a "quarter circle" engraved with various scales: the gunner's scale, divided into 12 parts, the degree scale (90°), the gradient scale, divided into 10 parts, and the shadow square scale, divided into 200 parts (100+100). Galileo does not mention land surveying, which however is added to the operations of the "compass" in a version of his treatise published in 1663 at Lyon in the  ''Opera omnia'' of Girolamo Cardano. Although the instrument was designed mainly for military purposes, its operations were applicable to any other profession requiring even a basic knowledge of arithmetic and geometry. For example, merchants, bankers, craftsmen, engineers, topographers and astronomers all found it highly useful. Between 1598 and 1608, Galileo instructed some of Europe's most powerful rulers in the operation of his instrument, among them Prince John Frederich of Alsace, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse and the Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo I Gonzaga. In 1606 he built a silver model of the compass for Prince Cosimo de'Medici, to whom he dedicated the treatise on ''Le operazioni del compasso geometrico et militare'' [The operations of the geometric and military compass] published in Padua that same year. The success of the geometric and military compass, which also brought Galileo some financial gain, provoked a bitter quarrel in the academic world over the authorship of the invention. Already by 1603 Galileo had been alerted to possible plagiarism, when the Dutchman Jan Eutel Zieckmesser presented a compass entirely similar to his own in Padua. Having established the priority of his invention in a public confrontation in the home of Jacopo Cornaro, Galileo decided to write the ''Le operazioni del compasso geometrico e militare'' to forestall claims from any other usurper. Eight months after its publication, however, Baldassarre Capra, who had learned to use the instrument from Galileo himself in Cornaro's home, claimed to have invented the compass and published a text in Latin on its operations: ''Usus et fabrica circini cuiusdam proportionis'', Padua 1607.
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[http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/museum/esim.asp?c=404006 Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 2430].<br />
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[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/GeometricMilitaryCompass_n01.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 2430].<br />
|link=  
|link=  
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http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/g/galilei/le_operazioni_del_compasso_geometrico_e_militare/html/sommario.htm (Italian)<br />
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/mpeterso/galileo/compass.html (English) <br />
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http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Galileos-Instruments-of-Discovery.html?c=y&page=8&navigation=thumb (English) <br />
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http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1628j_13-galilee-la-naissance-dune-etoile_shortfilms (a video dedicated to Galileo in French) <br />
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|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>
|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Current revision as of 15:18, 7 September 2010

Name coined by the inventor.

Contents

Inventor

Galileo Galilei

Historic Period

1597

Description

Invented by Galileo in 1597 but published only in 1606, the "geometric and military compass" served to carry out all of the operations required by the art of warfare: measuring calibers and weights of shot, aiming cannons, solving arithmetical and proportional problems as well as those of plane and solid geometry, calculating gradients, distances, heights and depths. For this purpose its legs bear various scales or proportional lines, called of the "metals", "stereometric", "geometric", "arithmetical" (on the front), "polygraphic", "tetragonic" and "additional" (on the rear). When the compass operates as gunner's square, as quadrant or as geometrical square, its legs are held fixed at right angles by means of a "quarter circle" engraved with various scales: the gunner's scale, divided into 12 parts, the degree scale (90°), the gradient scale, divided into 10 parts, and the shadow square scale, divided into 200 parts (100+100). Galileo does not mention land surveying, which however is added to the operations of the "compass" in a version of his treatise published in 1663 at Lyon in the Opera omnia of Girolamo Cardano. Although the instrument was designed mainly for military purposes, its operations were applicable to any other profession requiring even a basic knowledge of arithmetic and geometry. For example, merchants, bankers, craftsmen, engineers, topographers and astronomers all found it highly useful. Between 1598 and 1608, Galileo instructed some of Europe's most powerful rulers in the operation of his instrument, among them Prince John Frederich of Alsace, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse and the Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo I Gonzaga. In 1606 he built a silver model of the compass for Prince Cosimo de'Medici, to whom he dedicated the treatise on Le operazioni del compasso geometrico et militare [The operations of the geometric and military compass] published in Padua that same year. The success of the geometric and military compass, which also brought Galileo some financial gain, provoked a bitter quarrel in the academic world over the authorship of the invention. Already by 1603 Galileo had been alerted to possible plagiarism, when the Dutchman Jan Eutel Zieckmesser presented a compass entirely similar to his own in Padua. Having established the priority of his invention in a public confrontation in the home of Jacopo Cornaro, Galileo decided to write the Le operazioni del compasso geometrico e militare to forestall claims from any other usurper. Eight months after its publication, however, Baldassarre Capra, who had learned to use the instrument from Galileo himself in Cornaro's home, claimed to have invented the compass and published a text in Latin on its operations: Usus et fabrica circini cuiusdam proportionis, Padua 1607.

Bibliographical Resources

Camerota, Filippo. Il compasso di Galileo / Galileo’s Compass, Firenze, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, 2004.

Camerota, Filippo. Galileo Galilei. Le Operazioni del Compasso geometrico e Militare, commentray by Filippo Camerota, CD-ROM, Octavo, Oakland, CA, 2004.

Cardano, Girolamo. "Hieronymi Cardani Opera omnia in decem tomos digesta". Lugduni, sumptibus Ioannis Antonii Hvgvetan & Marci Antonii Ravavd, 1663.

Drake, Stillman. Tartaglia's Squadra and Galileo's Compasso, “Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze”, II, 1977, pp. 35-54.

Galileo Galilei, Operations of the geometric and military compass (1606). A cura di Stillman Drake. Washington 1978.

Galilei, Galileo. "Le operazioni del compasso geometrico et militare". In Padova, in casa dell'autore, per Pietro Marinelli, 1606.

Hambly, Maya. Drawing Instruments 1580-1980, Londra, Sotheby’s Publications, 1988, pp. 135-142.

Museo di Storia della Scienza. Catalogo. A cura di Mara Miniati. Firenze 1991, p. 60.

Righini Bonelli, Maria Luisa; Settle, Thomas. The antique instruments of the Museum of history of science in Florence, Firenze 1978, pp. 18-19.

Turner, Anthony. Early Scientific Instruments. Europe 1400-1800, Sotheby’s Publications, Londra 1987, pp. 157-160.

Vergara Caffarelli, Roberto. Il compasso geometrico e militare di Galileo Galilei. Testi, annotazioni e disputa negli scritti di G. Galilei, M. Berreger e B. Capra, Pisa, Edizioni ETS, 1992.

Existing Instruments

Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 2430.

Links (External)

http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/g/galilei/le_operazioni_del_compasso_geometrico_e_militare/html/sommario.htm (Italian)
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/mpeterso/galileo/compass.html (English)
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Galileos-Instruments-of-Discovery.html?c=y&page=8&navigation=thumb (English)
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1628j_13-galilee-la-naissance-dune-etoile_shortfilms (a video dedicated to Galileo in French)

Images

Galileo Galilei. Opere di Galileo Galilei. Bologna, 1656, tav. f.t..

Baldassarre Capra. Usus et fabrica circini cuiusdam proportionis, per quem omnia fere, tum Euclidis, tum mathematicorum omnium problemata, facili negotio resolvuntur / opera et studio Balthesaris Caprae, Padova, 1607.

Johann Faulhaber. Newe geometrische und perspectivische Inventiones, Franckfurt am Mayn, 1610.

Author of the entry: Filippo Camerota

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