Inventions - User contributions [en]

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2010-09-14T09:31:11Z

Dinni:

* project
** mainpage|The Catalogue of inventions
** How to partecipate|How to partecipate
* SEARCH
* categories
** Category:Instruments|Instruments
** Category:Machines|Machines
* TOOLBOX
* LANGUAGES

Category:Instruments

2010-09-14T09:29:58Z

Dinni: Created page with 'Instruments index. it:Categoria:Strumenti'

Instruments index.
[[it:Categoria:Strumenti]]

Category:Physics instruments

2010-09-14T09:29:15Z

Dinni:

[[Category:Instruments]]
[[it:Categoria:Strumenti di fisica]]

Category:Physics instruments

2010-09-14T09:29:06Z

Dinni: Created page with 'Category:Instruments en:Categoria:Strumenti di fisica'

[[Category:Instruments]]
[[en:Categoria:Strumenti di fisica]]

Category:Measuring instruments

2010-09-14T09:28:22Z

Dinni:

Measuring instruments
[[it:Categoria:Strumenti da misura]]
[[Category:Instruments]]

Category:Drawing instruments

2010-09-14T09:27:45Z

Dinni:

Drawing instruments
[[it:Categoria:Strumenti da disegno]]
[[Category:Instruments]]

Category:Machines

2010-09-14T09:06:53Z

Dinni: Created page with 'Machines index it:Categoria:Macchine'

Machines index
[[it:Categoria:Macchine]]

Cross-Staff

2010-07-26T12:07:20Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome=
Also "Jacob’s staff". From the Latin "baculus" (stick), the name used since the Middle Ages.

|descrizione=
Instrument for astronomical and terrestrial measurements invented, or perhaps only described for the first time, by Levi ben Gerson (1342) who traces its origin to the staff of the Patriarch of Israel. It is composed of a stick 6 spans long (approx. 135 cm) and 1 finger wide (approx. 2 cm). Each span is divided into 8 parts, including the first, shorter by 1/20 (approx. 1 cm) which, according to Levi, is the distance between the surface of the eye and the centre of vision. Sliding along the stick is a cross-rod 1 span long. This rod and the section of the stick lying between it and the observer’s eye represent respectively the base and the height of a triangle similar to the one formed by the visual rays encompassing the width of an unknown object: the Sun, the distance between two stars, the distance between two towers or the width of a building. The cross-staff’s earliest prototype is the [[radio greco]], from which derives the [[balestriglia]] used in the Spanish navy (equipped with a set of cross-rods of varying length) and a similar instrument utilized by Arab and Indian navigators, in which a set of square panels slides along the stick. The cross-staff was used for astronomical observations by Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli in 1433 (G. Uzielli, 1894), and was significantly modified by P. Apiano (1533, ''Introductio geographica'') and R. Gemma Frisius (1545) in the sixteenth century; see also [[radius astronomicus]].

|inventore= Levi ben Gerson; Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon (Profatius)

|data= 14th C.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=
Apianus, Petrus. ''Introductio geographica Petri Apiani in doctissimas Verneri annotationes, continens plenum intellectum et iudicium operationis, quae per sinus et chordas in geographia confici potest, ... huic accedit translatio noua primi libri Cl. Ptolemaei ... authore Vernero ... una cum opusculo Amirucii Constantinopolitani ... adiuncta est et epistola Ioannis de Regiomonte ad ... D. Bessarionem ... '', Ingolstadii, 1533. 

Boffito, Giuseppe. ''Gli strumenti della scienza e la scienza degli strumenti: con l'illustrazione della Tribuna di Galileo''. Facsimili di Primo Benaglia. Firenze, Libr. internazionale Seeber, 1929. 

Gemma Frisius, Reinerus. ''De radio astronomico et geometrico liber: in quo multa quae ad geographiam, opticam, geometriam et astronomiam utiliss. sunt demonstrantur''. Antverpiae, apud Gregorium Bontiu, 1545. 

Kiely, Edmond R. ''Surveying instruments: their history''. Columbus, Carben surveying reprints, 1979.

Levi, ben Gerson. ''The astronomy of Levi ben Gerson (1288-1344) ''. A critical edition of chapters 1-20 with translation by Bernard. R. Goldstein. New York, Springer, 1985. 

Turner, Anthony. ''Early scientific instruments: Europe 1400-1800''. London, Sotheby, 1987. 

Uzielli, Gustavo. ''La vita e i tempi di Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli: ricerche e studi''. Con un capitolo (VI) sui lavori astronomici del Toscanelli di Giovanni Celoria, in ''Raccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati dalla R. Commissione colombiana pel quarto centenario dalla scoperta dell'America''. Roma, Ministero della pubblica istruzione, 1894, 5.1. 

|strumentiesistenti=
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Crossstaff_n01.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 3167.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Crossstaff.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 3167.]

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 7700_3271_3135-017.jpg | Gregor Reisch, ''Margarita philosophica noua cui annexa sunt sequentia. Grecarum literarum institutiones Hebraicarum literarum rudimenta Architecture rudimenta Quadrantum varie compositiones... Cartha vniuersalis terre marisque formam neoterica descriptione indicans'', Ex Argentorato veteri: industrius vir Joannes Grüningerus operis excussor et optat et precatur, nono kalendas Februarias 1515

Image: 7503_3092_3643-007.jpg | Jacob Koebel, ''Geometrei: von künstlichem Feldmessen vnd absehen allerhand Höhe, Fleche, Ebne, Weitte vnd Breyte als Thürn, Kirchen, Bäw, Bäum, Felder vnd Ecker etc. : mit fast wercklich und künstlich zübereytem Jacob Stab, philosophischen Spiegel, Schatten vnd Messrüten durch schöne Figurn vnd Exempel von dem vil erfarnen h. Jacob Köbel... verlassen...''; dabei von Bereytung, Verstand vnd vilfaltigem nützlic Getruckt zü Franckfurt am Meyn, bei Christian Egenolffs Erben, 1556, p. 24v

Image: 8856_3081_4360-079.jpg | Petrus Apianus, ''Introductio geographica'', Ingolstadii, 1533, frontespizio

Image: 7531_3123_1180-012.jpg | Cosimo Bartoli, ''Del modo di misurare le distantie, le superficie, i corpi, le piante, le prouincie, le prospettiue & tutte le altre cose terrene che possono occorrere a gli huomini secondo le uere regole d'Eculide & de gli altri piu lodati scrittori'', Venetia, per Francesco Franceschi sanese, 1564, p.11r

Image: 8528_3202_1732-087.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.33v

Image: 8528_3202_1732-088.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.34r

Image: 8528_3202_1732-089.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.34v

Image: 6623_1653_0827-097.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci, ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia: oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze'', Venetia, appresso Ruberto Meietti, 1598, p.107v

Image: 9733_3291_3891-014.jpg | Georges Fournier, ''Hydrographie : contenant la theorie et la pratique de toutes les parties de la nauigation'', Paris, chez Iean du Puis, 1667, p.377

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2=
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Bacolo

}}

Radius Astronomicus

2010-07-26T12:05:36Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name commonly used since the fifteenth century (in Latin, ''radius astronomicus'') to indicate the astronomical variant of the more common [[Cross-Staff | cross-staff]].

|inventore= Pietro Apiano

|data= 1545

|descrizione= Instrument for astronomical and terrestrial measurements. Variant of the [[Cross-Staff | cross-staff]] or Jacob's staff developed by Pietro Apiano (1533, ''Introductio geographica'') and described later by Reiner Gemma Frisius (1545). The main staff could be either 2 or 4 cubits long (approx. 90 or 180 cm) and was divided into 4200 parts. The cross-staff, which could also slide laterally in a guide, was half this length and was divided into 2100 parts. On one side of each staff (having a square section of approx. 2 cm per side) was the division into degrees used to measure angles. Gemma Frisius describes in detail its topographical applications but in Chapter XIII he also mentions its use in perspective drawing: "Nonetheless, I will not discuss how some painter, standing at an elevated position, can portray by means of the optical principles a fortress or a church or a city (if he so desires) with the aid of our radius. This is an operation that can be deducted by any intelligent person both from what has been said, and from what will be said later. I must mention, however the great ease and advantage that some architect or painter can find in our instrument if... he desires to represent graphically in a painting the entire façade of a building standing before him, in accordance with the symmetry of its parts".

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Apianus, Petrus. ''Introductio geographica Petri Apiani in doctissimas Verneri annotationes, continens plenum intellectum et iudicium operationis, quae per sinus et chordas in geographia confici potest, ... huic accedit translatio nova primi libri Cl. Ptolemaei ... authore Vernero ... una cum opusculo Amirucii Constantinopolitani ... adiuncta est et epistola Ioannis de Regiomonte ad ... D. Bessarionem ... ''. Ingolstadii, 1533. 

Gemma Frisius, Reinerus. ''De radio astronomico et geometrico liber: in quo multa quae ad geographiam, opticam, geometriam et astronomiam utiliss. sunt demonstrantur''. Antverpiae, apud Gregorium Bontiu, 1545. 

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 8529_3201_2442-069.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci. ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia : oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze''. Venezia, 1598, p. 111v. 

Image: 8529_3201_2442-071.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci. ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia : oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze''. Venezia, 1598, p. 114r. 

Image: 8529_3201_2442-072.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci. ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia : oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze''. Venezia, 1598, p. 114v. 

Image: 8529_3201_2442-073.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci. ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia : oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze''. Venezia, 1598, p. 117r. 

Image: 8529_3201_2442-081.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci. ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia : oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze''. Venezia, 1598, p. 133r. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Radio astronomico

}}

Radius Astronomicus

2010-07-26T12:05:14Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name commonly used since the fifteenth century (in Latin, ''radius astronomicus'') to indicate the astronomical variant of the more common [[cross-Staff]].

|inventore= Pietro Apiano

|data= 1545

|descrizione= Instrument for astronomical and terrestrial measurements. Variant of the [[Cross-Staff | cross-staff]] or Jacob's staff developed by Pietro Apiano (1533, ''Introductio geographica'') and described later by Reiner Gemma Frisius (1545). The main staff could be either 2 or 4 cubits long (approx. 90 or 180 cm) and was divided into 4200 parts. The cross-staff, which could also slide laterally in a guide, was half this length and was divided into 2100 parts. On one side of each staff (having a square section of approx. 2 cm per side) was the division into degrees used to measure angles. Gemma Frisius describes in detail its topographical applications but in Chapter XIII he also mentions its use in perspective drawing: "Nonetheless, I will not discuss how some painter, standing at an elevated position, can portray by means of the optical principles a fortress or a church or a city (if he so desires) with the aid of our radius. This is an operation that can be deducted by any intelligent person both from what has been said, and from what will be said later. I must mention, however the great ease and advantage that some architect or painter can find in our instrument if... he desires to represent graphically in a painting the entire façade of a building standing before him, in accordance with the symmetry of its parts".

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Apianus, Petrus. ''Introductio geographica Petri Apiani in doctissimas Verneri annotationes, continens plenum intellectum et iudicium operationis, quae per sinus et chordas in geographia confici potest, ... huic accedit translatio nova primi libri Cl. Ptolemaei ... authore Vernero ... una cum opusculo Amirucii Constantinopolitani ... adiuncta est et epistola Ioannis de Regiomonte ad ... D. Bessarionem ... ''. Ingolstadii, 1533. 

Gemma Frisius, Reinerus. ''De radio astronomico et geometrico liber: in quo multa quae ad geographiam, opticam, geometriam et astronomiam utiliss. sunt demonstrantur''. Antverpiae, apud Gregorium Bontiu, 1545. 

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 8529_3201_2442-069.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci. ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia : oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze''. Venezia, 1598, p. 111v. 

Image: 8529_3201_2442-071.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci. ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia : oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze''. Venezia, 1598, p. 114r. 

Image: 8529_3201_2442-072.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci. ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia : oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze''. Venezia, 1598, p. 114v. 

Image: 8529_3201_2442-073.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci. ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia : oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze''. Venezia, 1598, p. 117r. 

Image: 8529_3201_2442-081.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci. ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia : oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze''. Venezia, 1598, p. 133r. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Radio astronomico

}}

Cross-Staff

2010-07-26T12:04:31Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome=
Also "Jacob’s staff". From the Latin "baculus" (stick), the name used since the Middle Ages.

|descrizione=
Instrument for astronomical and terrestrial measurements invented, or perhaps only described for the first time, by Levi ben Gerson (1342) who traces its origin to the staff of the Patriarch of Israel. It is composed of a stick 6 spans long (approx. 135 cm) and 1 finger wide (approx. 2 cm). Each span is divided into 8 parts, including the first, shorter by 1/20 (approx. 1 cm) which, according to Levi, is the distance between the surface of the eye and the centre of vision. Sliding along the stick is a cross-rod 1 span long. This rod and the section of the stick lying between it and the observer’s eye represent respectively the base and the height of a triangle similar to the one formed by the visual rays encompassing the width of an unknown object: the Sun, the distance between two stars, the distance between two towers or the width of a building. The cross-staff’s earliest prototype is the [[radio greco]], from which derives the [[balestriglia]] used in the Spanish navy (equipped with a set of cross-rods of varying length) and a similar instrument utilized by Arab and Indian navigators, in which a set of square panels slides along the stick. The cross-staff was used for astronomical observations by Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli in 1433 (G. Uzielli, 1894), and was significantly modified by P. Apiano (1533, ''Introductio geographica'') and R. Gemma Frisius (1545) in the sixteenth century; see also [[radius astronomicus | radio astronomico]].

|inventore= Levi ben Gerson; Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon (Profatius)

|data= 14th C.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=
Apianus, Petrus. ''Introductio geographica Petri Apiani in doctissimas Verneri annotationes, continens plenum intellectum et iudicium operationis, quae per sinus et chordas in geographia confici potest, ... huic accedit translatio noua primi libri Cl. Ptolemaei ... authore Vernero ... una cum opusculo Amirucii Constantinopolitani ... adiuncta est et epistola Ioannis de Regiomonte ad ... D. Bessarionem ... '', Ingolstadii, 1533. 

Boffito, Giuseppe. ''Gli strumenti della scienza e la scienza degli strumenti: con l'illustrazione della Tribuna di Galileo''. Facsimili di Primo Benaglia. Firenze, Libr. internazionale Seeber, 1929. 

Gemma Frisius, Reinerus. ''De radio astronomico et geometrico liber: in quo multa quae ad geographiam, opticam, geometriam et astronomiam utiliss. sunt demonstrantur''. Antverpiae, apud Gregorium Bontiu, 1545. 

Kiely, Edmond R. ''Surveying instruments: their history''. Columbus, Carben surveying reprints, 1979.

Levi, ben Gerson. ''The astronomy of Levi ben Gerson (1288-1344) ''. A critical edition of chapters 1-20 with translation by Bernard. R. Goldstein. New York, Springer, 1985. 

Turner, Anthony. ''Early scientific instruments: Europe 1400-1800''. London, Sotheby, 1987. 

Uzielli, Gustavo. ''La vita e i tempi di Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli: ricerche e studi''. Con un capitolo (VI) sui lavori astronomici del Toscanelli di Giovanni Celoria, in ''Raccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati dalla R. Commissione colombiana pel quarto centenario dalla scoperta dell'America''. Roma, Ministero della pubblica istruzione, 1894, 5.1. 

|strumentiesistenti=
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Crossstaff_n01.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 3167.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Crossstaff.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 3167.]

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 7700_3271_3135-017.jpg | Gregor Reisch, ''Margarita philosophica noua cui annexa sunt sequentia. Grecarum literarum institutiones Hebraicarum literarum rudimenta Architecture rudimenta Quadrantum varie compositiones... Cartha vniuersalis terre marisque formam neoterica descriptione indicans'', Ex Argentorato veteri: industrius vir Joannes Grüningerus operis excussor et optat et precatur, nono kalendas Februarias 1515

Image: 7503_3092_3643-007.jpg | Jacob Koebel, ''Geometrei: von künstlichem Feldmessen vnd absehen allerhand Höhe, Fleche, Ebne, Weitte vnd Breyte als Thürn, Kirchen, Bäw, Bäum, Felder vnd Ecker etc. : mit fast wercklich und künstlich zübereytem Jacob Stab, philosophischen Spiegel, Schatten vnd Messrüten durch schöne Figurn vnd Exempel von dem vil erfarnen h. Jacob Köbel... verlassen...''; dabei von Bereytung, Verstand vnd vilfaltigem nützlic Getruckt zü Franckfurt am Meyn, bei Christian Egenolffs Erben, 1556, p. 24v

Image: 8856_3081_4360-079.jpg | Petrus Apianus, ''Introductio geographica'', Ingolstadii, 1533, frontespizio

Image: 7531_3123_1180-012.jpg | Cosimo Bartoli, ''Del modo di misurare le distantie, le superficie, i corpi, le piante, le prouincie, le prospettiue & tutte le altre cose terrene che possono occorrere a gli huomini secondo le uere regole d'Eculide & de gli altri piu lodati scrittori'', Venetia, per Francesco Franceschi sanese, 1564, p.11r

Image: 8528_3202_1732-087.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.33v

Image: 8528_3202_1732-088.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.34r

Image: 8528_3202_1732-089.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.34v

Image: 6623_1653_0827-097.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci, ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia: oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze'', Venetia, appresso Ruberto Meietti, 1598, p.107v

Image: 9733_3291_3891-014.jpg | Georges Fournier, ''Hydrographie : contenant la theorie et la pratique de toutes les parties de la nauigation'', Paris, chez Iean du Puis, 1667, p.377

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2=
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Bacolo

}}

Cross-Staff

2010-07-26T12:04:16Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome=
Also "Jacob’s staff". From the Latin "baculus" (stick), the name used since the Middle Ages.

|descrizione=
Instrument for astronomical and terrestrial measurements invented, or perhaps only described for the first time, by Levi ben Gerson (1342) who traces its origin to the staff of the Patriarch of Israel. It is composed of a stick 6 spans long (approx. 135 cm) and 1 finger wide (approx. 2 cm). Each span is divided into 8 parts, including the first, shorter by 1/20 (approx. 1 cm) which, according to Levi, is the distance between the surface of the eye and the centre of vision. Sliding along the stick is a cross-rod 1 span long. This rod and the section of the stick lying between it and the observer’s eye represent respectively the base and the height of a triangle similar to the one formed by the visual rays encompassing the width of an unknown object: the Sun, the distance between two stars, the distance between two towers or the width of a building. The cross-staff’s earliest prototype is the [[radio greco]], from which derives the [[balestriglia]] used in the Spanish navy (equipped with a set of cross-rods of varying length) and a similar instrument utilized by Arab and Indian navigators, in which a set of square panels slides along the stick. The cross-staff was used for astronomical observations by Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli in 1433 (G. Uzielli, 1894), and was significantly modified by P. Apiano (1533, ''Introductio geographica'') and R. Gemma Frisius (1545) in the sixteenth century; see also [[radius astronomicus | radio astronomico |]].

|inventore= Levi ben Gerson; Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon (Profatius)

|data= 14th C.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=
Apianus, Petrus. ''Introductio geographica Petri Apiani in doctissimas Verneri annotationes, continens plenum intellectum et iudicium operationis, quae per sinus et chordas in geographia confici potest, ... huic accedit translatio noua primi libri Cl. Ptolemaei ... authore Vernero ... una cum opusculo Amirucii Constantinopolitani ... adiuncta est et epistola Ioannis de Regiomonte ad ... D. Bessarionem ... '', Ingolstadii, 1533. 

Boffito, Giuseppe. ''Gli strumenti della scienza e la scienza degli strumenti: con l'illustrazione della Tribuna di Galileo''. Facsimili di Primo Benaglia. Firenze, Libr. internazionale Seeber, 1929. 

Gemma Frisius, Reinerus. ''De radio astronomico et geometrico liber: in quo multa quae ad geographiam, opticam, geometriam et astronomiam utiliss. sunt demonstrantur''. Antverpiae, apud Gregorium Bontiu, 1545. 

Kiely, Edmond R. ''Surveying instruments: their history''. Columbus, Carben surveying reprints, 1979.

Levi, ben Gerson. ''The astronomy of Levi ben Gerson (1288-1344) ''. A critical edition of chapters 1-20 with translation by Bernard. R. Goldstein. New York, Springer, 1985. 

Turner, Anthony. ''Early scientific instruments: Europe 1400-1800''. London, Sotheby, 1987. 

Uzielli, Gustavo. ''La vita e i tempi di Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli: ricerche e studi''. Con un capitolo (VI) sui lavori astronomici del Toscanelli di Giovanni Celoria, in ''Raccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati dalla R. Commissione colombiana pel quarto centenario dalla scoperta dell'America''. Roma, Ministero della pubblica istruzione, 1894, 5.1. 

|strumentiesistenti=
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Crossstaff_n01.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 3167.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Crossstaff.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 3167.]

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 7700_3271_3135-017.jpg | Gregor Reisch, ''Margarita philosophica noua cui annexa sunt sequentia. Grecarum literarum institutiones Hebraicarum literarum rudimenta Architecture rudimenta Quadrantum varie compositiones... Cartha vniuersalis terre marisque formam neoterica descriptione indicans'', Ex Argentorato veteri: industrius vir Joannes Grüningerus operis excussor et optat et precatur, nono kalendas Februarias 1515

Image: 7503_3092_3643-007.jpg | Jacob Koebel, ''Geometrei: von künstlichem Feldmessen vnd absehen allerhand Höhe, Fleche, Ebne, Weitte vnd Breyte als Thürn, Kirchen, Bäw, Bäum, Felder vnd Ecker etc. : mit fast wercklich und künstlich zübereytem Jacob Stab, philosophischen Spiegel, Schatten vnd Messrüten durch schöne Figurn vnd Exempel von dem vil erfarnen h. Jacob Köbel... verlassen...''; dabei von Bereytung, Verstand vnd vilfaltigem nützlic Getruckt zü Franckfurt am Meyn, bei Christian Egenolffs Erben, 1556, p. 24v

Image: 8856_3081_4360-079.jpg | Petrus Apianus, ''Introductio geographica'', Ingolstadii, 1533, frontespizio

Image: 7531_3123_1180-012.jpg | Cosimo Bartoli, ''Del modo di misurare le distantie, le superficie, i corpi, le piante, le prouincie, le prospettiue & tutte le altre cose terrene che possono occorrere a gli huomini secondo le uere regole d'Eculide & de gli altri piu lodati scrittori'', Venetia, per Francesco Franceschi sanese, 1564, p.11r

Image: 8528_3202_1732-087.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.33v

Image: 8528_3202_1732-088.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.34r

Image: 8528_3202_1732-089.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.34v

Image: 6623_1653_0827-097.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci, ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia: oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze'', Venetia, appresso Ruberto Meietti, 1598, p.107v

Image: 9733_3291_3891-014.jpg | Georges Fournier, ''Hydrographie : contenant la theorie et la pratique de toutes les parties de la nauigation'', Paris, chez Iean du Puis, 1667, p.377

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2=
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Bacolo

}}

Cross-Staff

2010-07-26T12:03:34Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome=
Also "Jacob’s staff". From the Latin "baculus" (stick), the name used since the Middle Ages.

|descrizione=
Instrument for astronomical and terrestrial measurements invented, or perhaps only described for the first time, by Levi ben Gerson (1342) who traces its origin to the staff of the Patriarch of Israel. It is composed of a stick 6 spans long (approx. 135 cm) and 1 finger wide (approx. 2 cm). Each span is divided into 8 parts, including the first, shorter by 1/20 (approx. 1 cm) which, according to Levi, is the distance between the surface of the eye and the centre of vision. Sliding along the stick is a cross-rod 1 span long. This rod and the section of the stick lying between it and the observer’s eye represent respectively the base and the height of a triangle similar to the one formed by the visual rays encompassing the width of an unknown object: the Sun, the distance between two stars, the distance between two towers or the width of a building. The cross-staff’s earliest prototype is the [[radio greco]], from which derives the [[balestriglia]] used in the Spanish navy (equipped with a set of cross-rods of varying length) and a similar instrument utilized by Arab and Indian navigators, in which a set of square panels slides along the stick. The cross-staff was used for astronomical observations by Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli in 1433 (G. Uzielli, 1894), and was significantly modified by P. Apiano (1533, ''Introductio geographica'') and R. Gemma Frisius (1545) in the sixteenth century; see also [[radio astronomico | radius astronomicus]].

|inventore= Levi ben Gerson; Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon (Profatius)

|data= 14th C.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=
Apianus, Petrus. ''Introductio geographica Petri Apiani in doctissimas Verneri annotationes, continens plenum intellectum et iudicium operationis, quae per sinus et chordas in geographia confici potest, ... huic accedit translatio noua primi libri Cl. Ptolemaei ... authore Vernero ... una cum opusculo Amirucii Constantinopolitani ... adiuncta est et epistola Ioannis de Regiomonte ad ... D. Bessarionem ... '', Ingolstadii, 1533. 

Boffito, Giuseppe. ''Gli strumenti della scienza e la scienza degli strumenti: con l'illustrazione della Tribuna di Galileo''. Facsimili di Primo Benaglia. Firenze, Libr. internazionale Seeber, 1929. 

Gemma Frisius, Reinerus. ''De radio astronomico et geometrico liber: in quo multa quae ad geographiam, opticam, geometriam et astronomiam utiliss. sunt demonstrantur''. Antverpiae, apud Gregorium Bontiu, 1545. 

Kiely, Edmond R. ''Surveying instruments: their history''. Columbus, Carben surveying reprints, 1979.

Levi, ben Gerson. ''The astronomy of Levi ben Gerson (1288-1344) ''. A critical edition of chapters 1-20 with translation by Bernard. R. Goldstein. New York, Springer, 1985. 

Turner, Anthony. ''Early scientific instruments: Europe 1400-1800''. London, Sotheby, 1987. 

Uzielli, Gustavo. ''La vita e i tempi di Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli: ricerche e studi''. Con un capitolo (VI) sui lavori astronomici del Toscanelli di Giovanni Celoria, in ''Raccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati dalla R. Commissione colombiana pel quarto centenario dalla scoperta dell'America''. Roma, Ministero della pubblica istruzione, 1894, 5.1. 

|strumentiesistenti=
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Crossstaff_n01.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 3167.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Crossstaff.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 3167.]

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 7700_3271_3135-017.jpg | Gregor Reisch, ''Margarita philosophica noua cui annexa sunt sequentia. Grecarum literarum institutiones Hebraicarum literarum rudimenta Architecture rudimenta Quadrantum varie compositiones... Cartha vniuersalis terre marisque formam neoterica descriptione indicans'', Ex Argentorato veteri: industrius vir Joannes Grüningerus operis excussor et optat et precatur, nono kalendas Februarias 1515

Image: 7503_3092_3643-007.jpg | Jacob Koebel, ''Geometrei: von künstlichem Feldmessen vnd absehen allerhand Höhe, Fleche, Ebne, Weitte vnd Breyte als Thürn, Kirchen, Bäw, Bäum, Felder vnd Ecker etc. : mit fast wercklich und künstlich zübereytem Jacob Stab, philosophischen Spiegel, Schatten vnd Messrüten durch schöne Figurn vnd Exempel von dem vil erfarnen h. Jacob Köbel... verlassen...''; dabei von Bereytung, Verstand vnd vilfaltigem nützlic Getruckt zü Franckfurt am Meyn, bei Christian Egenolffs Erben, 1556, p. 24v

Image: 8856_3081_4360-079.jpg | Petrus Apianus, ''Introductio geographica'', Ingolstadii, 1533, frontespizio

Image: 7531_3123_1180-012.jpg | Cosimo Bartoli, ''Del modo di misurare le distantie, le superficie, i corpi, le piante, le prouincie, le prospettiue & tutte le altre cose terrene che possono occorrere a gli huomini secondo le uere regole d'Eculide & de gli altri piu lodati scrittori'', Venetia, per Francesco Franceschi sanese, 1564, p.11r

Image: 8528_3202_1732-087.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.33v

Image: 8528_3202_1732-088.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.34r

Image: 8528_3202_1732-089.jpg | Oronce Finé, ''Opere di Orontio Fineo del Delfinato diuise in cinque parti: arimetica, geometria, cosmografia, e oriuoli tradotte da Cosimo Bartoli ..., et gli specchi tradotti dal caualier Ercole Bottrigaro ... nuouamente poste in luce'', Venetia, presso Francesco Franceschi senese, 1587, pp.34v

Image: 6623_1653_0827-097.jpg | Giovanni Paolo Gallucci, ''Della fabrica et uso di diuersi stromenti di astronomia et cosmografia: oue si uede la somma della teorica et pratica di queste due nobilissime scienze'', Venetia, appresso Ruberto Meietti, 1598, p.107v

Image: 9733_3291_3891-014.jpg | Georges Fournier, ''Hydrographie : contenant la theorie et la pratique de toutes les parties de la nauigation'', Paris, chez Iean du Puis, 1667, p.377

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2=
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Bacolo

}}

Gunner’s Gauge

2010-07-26T12:01:42Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome=
Name in use since the Renaissance (in Latin "baculus Bombardicus") with reference to the [[Cross-Staff | Cross-staff]].

|descrizione=
With the spread of firearms, special rules or cross-staffs designed for gunners were developed. They were slender sticks, made of wood or brass, often with a case, engraved with various scales of measurement for the preparation of artillery: divisions into equal parts for measuring the calibers and depths of cannon mouths, and scales of metals (iron, lead, stone) for calculating the quantity of gunpowder needed for cannonballs made of different materials.

|inventore=

|data= 16th C.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=

|strumentiesistenti=
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/GunnersCaliper_n01.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 695.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/GunnersCaliper.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 699.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Ramrods.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 631.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Ramrods.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 632.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/CaseForMilitaryInstruments.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 620.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/MeasuringRule.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 694.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/MilitaryRule.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 657.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/MilitaryRule_n01.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 658.] 

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 1560_3283_0923-004.jpg | Levinius Hulsius, ''Tractatus primus[-tertius] instrumentorum mechanicorum Leuini Hulsii...'', Francofurti ad Moenum, ex Officina typogr. Wolfgangi Richteri, 1605, p.5

Image: 1560_3283_0923-005.jpg | Levinius Hulsius, ''Tractatus primus[-tertius] instrumentorum mechanicorum Leuini Hulsii...'', Francofurti ad Moenum, ex Officina typogr. Wolfgangi Richteri, 1605, p.6

Image: 1560_3283_0923-006.jpg | Levinius Hulsius, ''Tractatus primus[-tertius] instrumentorum mechanicorum Leuini Hulsii...'', Francofurti ad Moenum, ex Officina typogr. Wolfgangi Richteri, 1605, p.13

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2=
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Bacolo da bombardieri

}}

Military compass (dagger)

2010-07-26T11:49:55Z

Dinni: moved Military compass (dagger) to Dagger

#REDIRECT [[Dagger]]

Dagger

2010-07-26T11:49:55Z

Dinni: moved Military compass (dagger) to Dagger

{{Template invention

|nome= Name adopted by the inventor due to the resemblance of this compass to the well-known weapon.

|inventore= Anonimo ingegnere mediceo

|data= XVI secolo

|descrizione= Described in a manuscript belonging to Bartolomeo Ammannati, the dagger has a blade made of two halves that open like a compass. This instrument served to read the hour (marked on the blades), to take measurements in palms, ''braccia'', and other units by means of a ruler with proportional divisions which, applied to various points on the dagger, fixes its aperture depending on the unit of measurement employed. With this ruler and a square, mounted together on the dagger to form a graduated square, the dagger becomes an ''archipendolo'', a level for measuring verticals and scarp-gradients, a gunner's quadrant (to aim guns and measure calibers) as well as an instrument for measuring distances, heights and depths. Lastly, with a 360° goniometric circle (eight 45° sectors) mounted at the hinge point, the dagger serves as compass to measure the dimensions of fortresses and draw their plan.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Anonimo, ''Discorso sopra alle misure che fa un pugnale'', ms., sec. XVI, Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana, Edizione Rare 120, cc. 95-114. 
Fossi, Mazzino, a cura di, ''Bartolomeo Ammannati. La città: appunti per un trattato'', Officina, Roma, 1970, pp. 238-479.

|strumentiesistenti= [http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/oggetto/CompassoMilitare.html Firenze, Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 1277]

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 966583_00002.jpg | Anonimo, ''Discorso sopra alle misure che fa un pugnale, ms., XVI sec., Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana, Ed. Rare 120, c. 1v. 

Image: 966583_00004.jpg | Anonimo, ''Discorso sopra alle misure che fa un pugnale, ms., XVI sec., Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana, Ed. Rare 120, c. 2v. 

Image: 966583_00006.jpg | Anonimo, ''Discorso sopra alle misure che fa un pugnale, ms., XVI sec., Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana, Ed. Rare 120, c. 3v. 

Image: 966583_00007.jpg | Anonimo, ''Discorso sopra alle misure che fa un pugnale, ms., XVI sec., Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana, Ed. Rare 120, c. 4r. 

Image: 966583_00011.jpg | Anonimo, ''Discorso sopra alle misure che fa un pugnale, ms., XVI sec., Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana, Ed. Rare 120, c. 6r. 

Image: 966583_00023.jpg | Anonimo, ''Discorso sopra alle misure che fa un pugnale, ms., XVI sec., Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana, Ed. Rare 120, c. 12r. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2=
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Pugnale

}}

Veil

2010-07-26T08:42:07Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Nome coined by the inventor referring to the material used for the instrument: "a very fine veil ".

|inventore= Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472)

|data= 1435

|descrizione= The veil is the first perspective instrument known to us. Leon Battista Alberti describes it in the section of ''De pictura'' dealing with the “circumscription” (II, 31), that is, the drawing, as a fundamental part of painting. The instrument, “which among my friends I call the intersection”, consists of a “very fine veil” stretched inside a frame and traversed by “coarser threads” forming an orthogonal grid: “which veil I set up between the eye and the object to be represented, so that the visual pyramid passes through the loose weave of the veil”. Apart from the practical function of the instrument (“and the veil will be of great aid to you in learning to paint”), Alberti conceives of the veil, or “intersection”, as the materialization of the concept of intersection of the visual pyramid, a geometric concept of primary importance placed at the basis of the new art of painting: “Painting is thus no other than intersection of the visual pyramid” (I, 12). In describing the instrument, Alberti also seems to recognize the operational limitation of the geometric rules that would urge later treatise writers to invent ever new mechanical solutions: “We do not ask for infinite labour from the painter, but we do expect a painting that appears markedly in relief and similar to the objects presented. I do not understand how anyone could ever achieve this without the help of the veil.” In the second edition of his treatise on perspective (''Underweisung der Messung'', Nuremberg 1538), Albrecht Dürer furnishes the first image of this instrument, which differs from Alberti’s description only in the variant of a viewer to fix the position of the viewing point. It is unclear whether Alberti provided for the use of a sight. The expression “having established certain terms, you will immediately find the true apex of the pyramid” seems to indicate a method for determining the viewing point similar to the one described later by Leonardo (B.N. 2038), which consisted of attaching to the veil two balls of wax corresponding to two clearly recognizable points on the object to be drawn. The position of the eye was established each time the two balls appeared superimposed on the selected points. The drawing was then done by transcribing on a sheet of drawing paper marked with a grid like the veil, all of the points and lines that appeared beyond the reference grid: “For just as you see the forehead in one parallel, the nose in the next, the cheeks in another, the chin in one below, and everything else in its particular place, so you can situate precisely all the features on the panel or wall which you have similarly divided into appropriate parallels.”

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Alberti, Leon Battista, ''De pictura'' (1435), in ''Opere volgari'', a cura di Cecil Grayson, Laterza, Bari 1973, III, pp. 7-107. 

Camerota, Filippo, ''L'architettura curiosa: anamorfosi e meccanismi prospettici per la ricerca dello spazio obliquo'', in “Saggi e documenti di storia dell'architettura”, n.11, 1987, pp. 79-111. 

Kemp, Martin, ''The Science of Art. Optical Themes in Wester Art from Brunelelschi to Seurat'', Yale University Press, New-Haven-London 1990, trad. it., ''La scienza dell'arte. Prospettiva e epercezione visiva da Brunelleschi a Seurat'', Giunti, Firenze 1994, pp. 191-192. 

Friess, Peter, ''Kunst und Maschine. 500 Jahre Maschinenlinien in Bild und Skulptur'', Münich 1993, pp. 47-48, 58-59. 

Field, J.V., ''The Invention of Infinity. Mathematics and Art in the Renaissance'', Oxford University Press, Oxford 1997, p.122. 

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Velo

}}

"Telaro" (Frame)

2010-07-26T08:40:54Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name adopted by the inventor.

|inventore= Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo

|data= 1584

|descrizione= Graduated frame invented by Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo "for the utility of professors of this art of ours". The instrument is composed of two vertical rods connected at the top by a crosspiece and fitted with legs. Attached to the rods are two strips of paper with divisions in ounces and minutes. A transverse ruler bearing the same graduation slides along a groove in these rods. The viewing point is established by an iron stand with a string at the top bearing a weight, which simulates the visual ray. The string is pulled until it touches the object to be drawn, as in Dürer’s window, and the transverse graduated rod is positioned tangent to the string. The intersection point, whose coordinates are measured on the graduated scale, is then transcribed onto a sheet of paper fixed to a board graduated like the frame and also carrying a sliding transverse rod. To draw an object to be painted on a vaulted ceiling, Lomazzo also devised a “distorted” frame, that is, curved like the ceiling, in order to measure the intersections directly on a curved surface.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo. ''Trattato dell'arte de la pittura: diviso in sette libri ne' quali si contiene tutta la theorica, et la prattica d'essa pittura''. In Milano, appresso Paolo Gottardo Pontio, 1584, Lib. VI, cap. XIV, cap. XV. 
Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo. ''Trattato dell'arte della pittura, scoltura, et architettura. Con una tavola de' nomi de tutti li pitttori , scoltori, architetti, et matematici antichi, et moderni''. [http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer/bid=922112 In Milano, per Paolo Gottardo Pontio, 1585]. 
Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo. ''Scritti sulle arti''. A cura di Roberto Paolo Ciardi. Firenze, Marchi & Bertolli, 1973-1974. 

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Telaro

}}

Stylus

2010-07-26T08:40:38Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name in use since the fifteenth century (from the Latin ''stilus''). Also ''style''.

|inventore=

|data=

|descrizione= Dry-point pen (not writing pen) for tracing "occult", that is, incised, lines on paper.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Scamozzi, Vincenzo, ''L’idea della architettura universale'', Venezia, 1615, Parte I, Lib. I, Cap. XV, p. 49: “per tirar le linee occulte, ò morte con la puntina del stilo d’avorio”.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Stilo

}}

Square

2010-07-26T08:40:17Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name in use since the Middle Ages (from the Latin ''ex-quadrata'', referring to ''norma''=square, i.e., instrument for drawing squares). In the Middle Ages it was also called ''orthogonium'' (from the Greek ''orthos''=right and ''gonia''=angle). In the Renaissance the words ''giusta'' (just) or ''che fa l'algolo retto'' (that which makes a right angle) were added if the square had orthogonal fixed sides, ''zoppa'' (lame) or ''snodata'' (disjointed) if it had a mobile arm to form angles other than right angles.

|inventore=

|data=

|descrizione= Instrument for tracing right angles. Along with the [[ruler]] and the [[compass]], the square forms part of what Vincenzo Scamozzi deemed "the instruments most proper to the Architect". A wooden square for measuring heights (''orthogonium'') is described by Gerbert d'Aurillac (Pope Silvester II), Leonardo Fibonacci and Villard de Honnecourt. The instrument allowed only one inclination of the visual ray along the line of the hypotenuse. The surveyor had to move backward until he intercepted the point to be sighted.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Papa Silvestro II, ''Geometria incerti auctoris'', in ''Gerberti postea Silvestri II papae Opera matematica, (972-1003)''. Hildesheim, Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1963, III, 16. 

Fibonacci, Leonardo, ''La Pratica di Geometria. Volgarizzata da Cristofano di Gherardo di Dino cittadino Pisano,dal codice 2186 della Biblioteca Riccardiana di Firenze'', a cura e con introduzione di Gino Arrighi. Pisa, Domus Galileiana, 1966, VII, p. 202. 

Villard de Honnecourt, ''Album di disegni'', Biblioteca Nazionale di Parigi, ms.19093, c.20v. 

Villard de Honnecourt. ''Kritische Gesamtausgabe des Bauhüttensbuches ms. fr. 19093 der Pariser Nationalbibliotek'', Herausgegeben von Hans R. Hahnloser, Wien, A. Schroll, 1935.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 8528_3202_1692-012.jpg |Ara di Lucius Alfius Statius (dettaglio), vi sono riprodotti un regolo di due piedi romani, un archipenzolo, un compasso, una squadra e un martello. Aquileia, Museo Archeologico Nazionale. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Squadra

}}

"Squadra Scamozziana" (Square by Vincenzo Scamozzi)

2010-07-26T08:39:39Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name documented by the inventor but coined by others.

|inventore= Vincenzo Scamozzi

|data= XVI-XVII secolo

|descrizione= Instrument for architectural and topographic measurements invented by Vincenzo Scamozzi and composed of two squares with unequal sides, four and two feet long respectively, one of which is fixed, the other mobile. In his treatise on architecture, Scamozzi describes it as follows: "Of our own invention we formed two squares joined together, having one side four feet long and the others half that dimension: one of them was fixed, with the angle pointing downward, and perpendicular, and the other mobile, divided into ounces and minutes … and those who used it then called it the ''Squadra Scamozziana''".

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Scamozzi, Vincenzo, ''L’idea della architettura universale'', Venezia, 1615, Parte I, Lib. II, Cap. VIII, p. 124.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Squadra scamozziana

}}

"Spiracolo" (Pinhole)

2010-07-26T08:39:08Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name adopted by the inventor (from the Latin spiraculum=aperture).

|inventore= Leonardo da Vinci

|data= XV secolo

|descrizione= Perforated iron plaque for projecting the shadow of an object to be painted onto a wall. Leonardo suggested how it could be used to created special illusionist effects: "If you want to represent a figure on a wall, the wall being foreshortened, while the figure is to appear in its proper form, and as standing free from the wall, you must proceed thus: have a thin plate of iron and make a small hole in the centre; this hole must be round. Set a light close to it in such a position as that it shines through the central hole, then place any object or figure you please so close to the wall that it touches it and draw the outline of the shadow on the wall; then fill in the shade and add the lights; place the person who is to see it so that he looks through that same hole where at first the light was; and you will never be able to persuade yourself that the image is not detached from the wall”. (Richter, par. 525). Leonardo probably used the same procedure to create particular anamorphic compositions, such as the struggle between a dragon and a lion described by Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo: "Francesco Melzo states that Leonardo followed the same procedure to paint a dragon fighting with a lion, a thing most admirable to see, as well as for the horses he donated to King Francis of France, where his art in depicting the horses was greatly esteemed by Girolamo Ficino" (''Trattato dell'arte della pittura, scultura, et architettura'' [Treatise on the art of painting, sculpture and architecture], Milan 1584, chap. XX).

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Leonardo da Vinci. ''The literary works of Leonardo da Vinci''. Compiled and edited from the original manuscripts by Jean Paul Richter. [http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer/bid=950898 London, Phaidon, 1970, I, par. 525]. 
Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo. ''Trattato dell'arte de la pittura: diviso in sette libri ne' quali si contiene tutta la theorica, et la prattica d'essa pittura''. In Milano, appresso Paolo Gottardo Pontio, 1584, cap. XX. 
Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo. ''Trattato dell'arte della pittura, scoltura, et architettura''. Con una tavola de' nomi de tutti li pitttori , scoltori, architetti, et matematici antichi, et moderni. [http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer/bid=922112 In Milano, per Paolo Gottardo Pontio, 1585]. 
Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo. ''Scritti sulle arti''. A cura di Roberto Paolo Ciardi. Firenze, Marchi & Bertolli, 1973-1974.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Spiracolo

}}

Large Compasses

2010-07-26T08:38:51Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name in use since Renaissance times (documented by ??).

|inventore=

|data= XV-XVI secolo

|descrizione= Compass for drawing large circles, known today as the [[beam compass]]. It consisted of a long rod carrying cursors with a fixed point and a pen point.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Sestone

}}

Seste

2010-07-26T08:38:40Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name used since the fifteenth century as synonym for [[compass]]. It derives from the "sixth" part of a circle.

|inventore=

|data=

|descrizione= A synonym for [[compass]]. The term derives from the fact that the radius of a circle, i.e., the opening of a compass, is equivalent to one-sixth the circumference of the circle itself. Hence the compass opening always measures one-sixth of the circumference that it traces.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Seste

}}

Mobile Ruler

2010-07-26T08:38:26Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name used since Renaissance times (documented, for example, by Vincenzo Scamozzi).

|inventore=

|data=

|descrizione= Ruler made of segments hinged together, also called folding ruler. It was used to measure linear quantities and angles.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Scamozzi, Vincenzo, ''L’idea della architettura universale'', Venezia, 1615, Parte I, Lib. I, Cap. XV, p. 49: “le Righe mobili, ò pieghevoli da prender gli angoli…”

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Riga mobile

}}

Perspectograph by Vincenzo Scamozzi

2010-07-26T08:37:18Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Vincenzo Scamozzi?

|data= ca. 1580

|descrizione=

Instrument illustrated by Senator Giacomo Contarini in relation to a perspective-topographical operation proposed by Giuseppe Moleto. In using this instrument, the points observed through the upper sight are traced on the picture by a stylus sliding inside the lower tube, which is always parallel to the individual visual rays. The resulting visual pyramid is thus artificially doubled, but incorrectly so, because the instrument’s centre of rotation should remain at the centre of the tube (vertex of the visual pyramid intersecting the picture plane) and not at the base of the vertical rod. The origin of this invention is clearly to be found in Daniele Barbaro’s ''Pratica della perspettiva'' [The practice of perspective], which describes [[Baldassarre Lanci’s distantiometer]], having a similar sighting device that doubled the visual pyramid. Lanci’s instrument however presented a curved plane, while the one illustrated by Contarini is flat, as in a variant of Lanci’s invention suggested in 1583 by Egnazio Danti in his commentaries to Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola’s ''Le due regole della prospettiva pratica'' [The two rules of practical perspective]. An interesting detail in Contarini’s drawing is the view of Roman ruins drawn on the square, which closely resembles the engravings in Vincenzo Scamozzi’s ''Discorsi sopra le antichità di Roma'' [Discourse on the antiquities of Rome] (1583), dedicated by Girolamo Porro to the Venetian senator himself. In the dedication Porro praises Scamozzi’s work as architect and scholar “of architecture, and of perspective, his principal professions”, specifying that “In one of these, perspective, he has composed many books ornamented with numerous drawings, which have been seen by Your Excellency with great pleasure and satisfaction.” It thus seems plausible that Scamozzi’s now lost books, known to Contarini, also contained the perspective instruments drawn in this collection; not only the one described here, but also the one illustrated on fol. 17, appearing as a detailed development of Egnazio Danti’s square. Variants of this instrument were also designed by Jean Errard (1584) and Christopher Griemberger (c. 1630). Jean Errard’s instrument, having interchangeable points, could also be used to enlarge or reduce drawings, exactly like the [[pantograph]].

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Contarini, Giacomo. ''Figure d’istromenti matematici e loro uso '', ca. 1590. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Canon. Ital., 145, c. 40. 

Errard de Bar-le-Duc, Jean. ''Le premier livre des instruments mathematiques mechaniques'', Nancy, 1584, tav. 36. 

Bettini, Mario. ''Apiaria universae philosophiae mathematicae: in quibus paradoxa et nova pleraque machinamenta ad usus eximios traducta et facillimis demonstrationibus confirmata: opus non modo philosophis mathematicis, sed et physicis, anatomicis, militaribus viris, machinariae, musicae, poëticae, agrariae, architecturae, mercaturae professoribus etc. utilissimum, curiosissimis inventis refertum figuratum aereis formis cusarum numerosa et speciosà varietate ornatum et in duos tomos distributum, una cum gemino copiosisimo indice, altero propositionum, altero rerum: accessit ad finem secundi tomi Euclides applicatus et condítus ex apiarijs, indicatis usibus eximijs praecipuarum propositionum in prioribus sex libris Euclideorum Elementorum accessere et Analecta''. Bononiae, typis Io. Baptistae Ferronij, 1645, Apiarium V, cap. VI (risorsa digitale)

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 1560_3283_1410-091.jpg | Mario Bettini. ''Apiaria'', Bologna 1645, Apiarium V, cap. IV, p. 45, variante del prospettografo di Mario Bettini ([[Mario Bettini’s perspectograph]]). 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Prospettografo scamozziano

}}

Perspective Ruler

2010-07-26T08:36:57Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Grellier de Serviere

|data= 1719

|descrizione= Ruler with cursors and plumb bob designed, as states the inventor, for "drawing a plan in perspective precisely without recurring to the ordinary rules, which are difficult and time-consuming" ("''Moyen facile de tirer exactement un plan géometrale en perspective, sans avoir recours aux régles ordinaires, qui son longues et embarassantes''", p. 150). The device consists of a ruler mounted horizontally at the centre of a drawing board on which slide two cursors. The plan drawing is positioned below the ruler, while the sheet of drawing paper is placed above it. On the blank sheet, the artist first traces the ''horizon line'' with the position of the ''principal point'' and the distance point. At these vanishing points are fixed two hooks with plumb bobs sliding in them. One end of the string passing through the ''distance point'' is tied to one of the cursors. The string passing through the ''principal point'' has two plumb bobs instead, and also slides along a slot in the other cursor. The artist first moves the principal point cursor until the plumb bob falls on a significant point on the plan drawing. Below the line serving as ''ground line'', the string reproduces an orthogonal projection of the point in question. Above the ruler, instead, the same string indicates the line converging at the ''principal point'', on which the perspective image of the point is found. Having noted the distance between the point on the plan and the ruler, and transferred it to the ruler itself toward the other cursor, the artist moves the latter as far as the distance measured. The string converging at the ''distance point'' thus intersects the other wire, indicating the perspective position of the point in question.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Grellier de Serviere. ''Recueil d'ouvrages curieuses de mathematique et de mecanique ou Description du cabinet de monsieur Grellier de Serviere'', Lyon, 1719, p. 150, tav. 88, fig. 127.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Riga per prospettive

}}

Ruler (1)

2010-07-26T08:36:45Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name used since Renaissance times (from the Latin ''regula'').

|inventore=

|data=

|descrizione= Instrument for drawing straight lines. Usually made of wood, but sometimes of ivory or brass, rulers generally had a squared edge for tracing lines in dry point or pen-and-ink, and a rounded edge for tracing lines by pencil and transcribing measurements. In his treatise on architecture Vincenzo Scamozzi describes it as follows: “…rulers should be made of pear wood, or apple wood, or jujube or sorb, either domestic or wild … [they have] a squared edge for drawing occult lines, or blunt with the point of an ivory stylus, or with a pencil point … Rulers or vanes… [can be] of ebony, or ivory … and those made of metal leave stains on the paper …”

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Scamozzi, Vincenzo, ''L’idea della architettura universale'', Venezia, 1615, Parte I, Lib. I, Cap. XV, p. 49.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Riga

}}

Reduction Compasses

2010-07-26T08:36:34Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome=
Name currently used for the compass with intersecting legs, or [[Four-Point Compasses | four-point compasses]].

|inventore=

|data= 1st C. B.C.?

|descrizione=
Instrument used exclusively to reproduce drawings in reduced or enlarged scale, having two legs intersecting at a fixed or mobile centre whose opposed points form simple ratios of 1:2, 1:3 or other (''Vocabolario della Crusca'', 1878). The most ancient was found in the archaeological excavations of Pompeii. In the Renaissance it was known as [[Double Compasses | double compasses]], compasso a centro mobile (compass with mobile centre) (Giacomo Contarini) or ''compasso con le punte doppie'' (compass with double points) (Muzio Oddi, ''Fabbrica et uso del compasso polimetro'', Milan 1633, Introduction), while in modern terminology it is also called [[Four-Point Compasses | four-point compasses]].

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=
Contarini, Giacomo. ''Figure d'Istromenti Matematici e loro uso'', ms, ca. 1590, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Canon. Ital. 145, c. 21. 

Oddi, Muzio. Fabbrica et uso del compasso polimetro, Milano 1633. 

|strumentiesistenti=
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/ReductionCompass_n02.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 3686.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/ReductionCompass.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 655.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/ReductionCompass_n01.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 633.] 
Napoli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Inv. 76684

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 0101-39792.jpg | Leonardo da Vinci. ''Il Codice Atlantico di Leonardo da Vinci : edizione in facsimile dopo il restauro dell'originale conservato nella Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano''. Firenze, 1973-1975, c. 1046r. 

Image: 8528_3202_1659-024.jpg | Nicolas Bion. ''Traité de la construction et des principaux usages des instruments de mathematique'', Paris, 1725, tav. 8. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Compasso di riduzione

}}

"Sagma" (Mould)

2010-07-26T08:35:58Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= (Sagma) Name used since the sixteenth century, especially in and around Emilia (documented by Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola and Egnazio Danti).

|inventore=

|data=

|descrizione= Strip of paper or wooden ruler for transferring the points of intersection in constructing perspective drawings according to Vignola’s “first rule”. It is described in Egnazio Danti’s commentary to ''Le due regole della prospettiva pratica'' [The two rules of practical perspective], p. 122: “Vignola learned the first principles of the art of Drawing in Bologna […] and thus it is unsurprising that he uses this term ''Sagma'', so purely Greek, commonly used among the artists and craftsmen of Bologna, since in that city they frequently use other Greek terms, calling a water bucket ''Calcedro'' for instance. But this term Σάγμα, ''Sagma'', which among the Greeks means principally ''Theca'', or “shield covering”, I fail to see why it was used by the Bolognese Architects instead of “moulding” for the elements of Architectural ornamentation, such as the mouldings of the capital or the base of the columns, which they call ''Sagma''.”

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Danti, Egnazio, ''Le due regole della prospettiva pratica di M. Iacomo Barozzi da Vignola. Con i commentarij del R.P.M. Egnatio Danti dell’ordine de Predicatori, Matematico dello Studio di Bologna'', Francesco Zannetti, Roma 1583, II, cap. XII, p. 121, ''Come si faccino le Sagme erette, et diagonali''.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Sagma

}}

Mirror

2010-07-26T08:35:43Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= From the Latin ''speculum'' (that which serves for looking), derived in turn from ''specio/spicio''=I look.

|inventore=

|data= XV-XVI secolo

|descrizione= The mirror was one of the most widely used instruments in painters’ shops. It served mainly to detect any flaws not revealed by directly inspecting a painting. The mirror was, moreover, a useful instrument for the “pictorial” representation of reality insofar as it showed objects on a two-dimensional surface like that of a painting, allowing the artist to study the effects of light and chiaroscuro. For this reason Leonardo deemed it the master of painters: “When you want to see if your picture corresponds throughout with the objects you have drawn from nature, take a mirror and look in that at the reflection of the real things, and compare the reflected image with your picture…take the mirror as a guide… your painting will look like a natural scene reflected in a large mirror” (Richter, par. 529). According to Filarete (Antonio Averlino), the mirror was actually the basis for the invention of perspective: "And if you wish to consider better [equidistant beams], take a mirror and look into it; in this way you will see clearly; and should be just opposite the eye, they will all appear the same. It is in this way, I believe, that the Florentine Pippo di Ser Brunellesco found the way to make this plan, and it was truly a subtle and beautiful thing that through reason he should find that which is shown us in the mirror, although with the eye, if you well consider, you will see those changes and diminutions" (Treatise on architecture, XXIII, p. 653); and again "If you wish to depict anything by another easier method, take a mirror and hold it up to the thing you want to draw. And look into it, and you will see the contours of things more easily, and thus those things that are nearer to you, and those further away will appear smaller and smaller. And truly, I believe, this is the way that Pippo di Ser Brunellesco found this perspective, which had not been used before” (Treatise on architecture, XXIII, p. 656). Giulio Romano used the mirror later to draw architectural quadratures, by placing the model of a building on a mirror and drawing its apparent form (Cristoforo Sorte, ''Osservazioni nella pittura'' [Observations on painting] Venice, 1580).

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Filarete, Antonio Averlino detto il, ''Trattato di architettura'' (1461). Testo a cura di Anna Maria Finoli e Liliana Grassi. Introduzione e note di Liliana Grassi. Milano, Il polifilo, 1972, XXIII, p. 653, 656. 

Leonardo da Vinci. "Le manuscrit A de la Bibliothèque de l'Institut [de France] ", in "Les manuscrits de Léonard de Vinci". Avec transcription littérale, traduction française, préface et table méthodique par Charles Ravaisson Mollien. [http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer/bid=336409 Paris, Quantin, 1881, 1r.]. 

Leonardo da Vinci. "The literary works of Leonardo da Vinci". Compiled and edited from the original manuscripts by Jean Paul Richter. [http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer/bid=950898 London, Phaidon, 1970, I, par. 529]. 

Leonardo da Vinci. "The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci". Compiled and edited from the original manuscripts by Jean Paul Richter. New York, Dover, 1970, I, par. 529, pp. 264-265 

Leonardo da Vinci. "Libro di pittura: edizione in facsimile del Codice Urbinate lat. 1270 nella Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana". A cura di Carlo Pedretti. Trascrizione critica di Carlo Vecce. [http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer/bid=343253 Firenze, Giunti, 1995, I, 39]. 

Sorte, Cristoforo. "Osservazioni sulla pittura", in "Scritti d’arte del Cinquecento". A cura di Paola Barocchi. Milano, R. Ricciardi, 1971, I, pp. 271-301, in part. p. 268.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Specchio

}}

Meridian Pointer

2010-07-26T08:35:26Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Non ha un nome specifico.

|inventore= Fabrizio Mordente?

|data= ca. 1570

|descrizione= Giacomo Contarini lo descrive tra le invenzioni di Fabrizio Mordente come un "Inst[rument]o p[er] trovar il meridiano in ogni hora del giorno senza calamita". Lo strumento è formato da un disco orizzontale sul quale ruota una diottra che porta una tavoletta triangolare munita di arco zodiacale e ostensore. L'ostensore viene posizionato sul segno corrispondente al momento della misurazione e quando il sole passa attraverso i fori dei traguardi, un punto luminoso cade sulla diottra indicando la posizione del meridiano. Lo strumento serviva a costruire gli orologi solari.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=
Contarini,Giacomo. ''Figure d'Istromenti Matematici e loro uso'', ms, ca. 1590, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Canon. Ital. 145, c. 19.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Indicatore di meridiano

}}

Perspectograph by Samuel Marolois

2010-07-26T08:35:12Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Samuel Marolois (??)

|data= 1614-1617

|descrizione= The instrument designed by Samuel Marolois is a perspectograph serving at least three different functions, the first being that of drawing from life. The painter observes the various points of the object to be drawn through the sight, and intersects the visual ray with the vertical section rod sliding in a guide along the edge of the drawing board. A sliding cursor on the section rod fixes the perspective position of the point observed, which is then transferred to the sheet of paper by overturning the section rod forward. The mechanism is similar to that of the perspectograph.

The instrument was used for various purposes: with the vertical rod, it was an ordinary perspective instrument; with the horizontal rod and the small shaft it became a surveying instrument. The T-shaped rod with the cursor was used to draw in perspective starting from the plan and elevation. The two strings served to draw a plan in perspective, while the T-shaped ruler was used to draw heights in perspective. The draughtsman traced the real heights on the side of the drawing paper and, having chosen at random a point on the horizon, drew a pyramid of lines from each point on the height. The T-shaped ruler was placed on the perspective ground line at a point corresponding to the one taken from the plan drawing. The second cursor was raised to meet the perspective line of the matching height point, and then brought back onto the vertical of the plan drawing.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Marolois, Samuel. ''Opera mathematica, ou Oeuvres mathematiques traictans de geometrie, perspective, architecture et fortification. De nouveau reveue, augmentée et corrigée par Albert Girard''. [http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer/bid=367711 Amsterdam, chez Jan Janssen, 1662, tav. 28, 60, 61, 62, 63]. 

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Prospettografo di Marolois

}}

Perspectograph by Jobst Bürgi

2010-07-26T08:34:56Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Jobst Bürgi (1552-1632)

|data= ca. 1604

|descrizione= A variant of the [[theodolite]] designed mainly to execute topographical views. The instrument is an ingenious mechanism that converts the rotary movements of a diopter into the linear movements of a pen point. The diopter with sights is hinged to the top of a revolving rod and is fixed to a half-disk traversing the base of this rod. A ruler with a pen point on the end also passes through the base of the rod, tangential to the half-disk. The half-disk and the ruler are connected by a wire so that each vertical movement of the diopter is matched by a horizontal sliding motion of the ruler, forwards if the diopter rises, backwards if it lowers. Fixed at the base of the rod, under the drawing board, is another half-disk that rotates when the diopter moves to the right or the left, transmitting its rotary motion to a third half-disk, also positioned under the drawing board. On the latter is a button that slides in a channel on the lower side of the drawing board, so that each rotary motion is matched, through entrainment, by a lateral movement of the drawing board. When the drawing board moves sideways, or when the diopter rotates to the right or left, the pen traces a horizontal line. When the diopter rotates upward or downward instead (the drawing board remains immobile), the pen traces a vertical line.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Rössler, Guslar. ''Ein unbekanntes Instrument von Jobst Bürgi im Hessischen Landesmuseum in Kassel'', in "Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde", 52, 1932, pp. 31-38. 
Friess, Peter. ''Kunst und Maschine. 500 Jahre Maschinenlinien in Bild und Skulptur'', Deutscher Kunstverlag, München 1993, pp. 108-110. 

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Strumento prospettico di Jobst Bürgi

}}

Drawing Instrument for Sundials

2010-07-26T08:34:34Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Fabrizio Mordente?

|data= XVI century

|descrizione= Instrument illustrated by Giacomo Contarini as one of Fabrizio Mordente’s inventions. Although there is no text to explain its operation, it was probably designed for drawing sundials. On a horizontal half-disk is a dial carrying a compass and a long rod on which slides a graduated disk with a diagram of the zodiacal arc. The user fixed the horizontal half-disk to a table, and, establishing a fixed reference point (the façade of a building, for example), rotated the dial in the direction of the local meridian, inclining the rod according to the latitude of the place and fixing the zodiacal disc in relation to the desired size of the drawing. By means of a string, the zodiacal signs were then projected onto the horizontal sheet of flat paper.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Contarini,Giacomo, ''Figure d'Istromenti Matematici e loro uso'', ms, ca. 1590, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Canon. Ital. 145, cc. 28-29.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Strumento da disegno per orologi solari

}}

Instrument for Plane Anamorphosis

2010-07-26T08:34:22Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Jacob Leupold (1674-1727)

|data= 1713

|descrizione= Rare instrument for drawing flat anamorphoses starting from a given drawing. The instrument is composed of two horizontal rods connected by wires to two pulleys of different diameters. The shorter rod follows the contours of the given drawing; it is connected to the smaller pulley, pivoting at the centre of the larger one. Each sliding of this rod is matched by a rotation of the pulleys that causes the longer rod to slide, tracing the contours of the anamorphic drawing. The pulleys are pivoted inside a vertical rod with a metal tip at the base to be stuck into the drawing board. Geometrically speaking, this point is the centre of projection from which radiate the various lines visualized by the two sliding rods. Due to the different diameters of the pulleys, the further the indicator on the shorter rod moves away from the centre of projection, the more the pen point advances on the longer rod at ever greater increments. The resulting drawing is thus a deformed copy of the original, a flat anamorphoses that shows an object in its correct proportions only when observed from a viewing point coinciding with the centre of projection.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Leupold, Jacob. ''Anamorfosi mechanica nova, oder Beschreibung dreyer neuen Maschinen'', Leipzig, 1713.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Strumento per anamorfosi piane

}}

Instrument for Conical Anamorphosis

2010-07-26T08:34:07Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Jacob Leupold (1674-1727)

|data= 1713

|descrizione= Rare instrument for drawing conical anamorphoses starting from a given drawing. The instrument is composed of two rods of different length – the shorter one with a metal indicator and the longer one with a pen point – connected by a string to two pulleys of different diameter. The assembly is mounted on a support with a metal tip to be stuck into the centre of the given drawing. Geometrically speaking, this metal tip acts as centre of projection, while the given drawing is contained within a circle corresponding to the base of the conical mirror in which the anamorphic image must be viewed. Due to the different diameters of the pulleys, the further the indicator moves away from the centre of projection, the more the pen point advances at ever greater increments. To reproduce the drawing, the instrument completes one full rotation around the centre of projection. The resulting drawing is a deformed copy of the original, a conical anamorphosis whose otherwise jumbled image assumes its proper form only when observed reflected in a conical mirror positioned in place of the given drawing.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Leupold, Jacob. ''Anamorfosi mechanica nova, oder Beschreibung dreyer neuen Maschinen'', Leipzig, 1713.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Strumento per anamorfosi coniche

}}

Instrument for Copying Drawings

2010-07-26T08:33:54Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore=

|data= XVI century

|descrizione= Illustrated in a manuscript by Giacomo Contarini, the instrument is composed of a goniometer with a graduated ruler pivoting at its centre. The goniometric circle had four points used to fix it to the drawing board. The ruler had symmetrical graduation, so that each point measured on the drawing placed beside the goniometer could be transcribed onto the blank sheet of paper placed on the opposite side. To enlarge or reduce a drawing, it was sufficient to multiply or reduce the measurements.
|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Contarini, Giacomo. ''Figure d’istromenti matematici e loro uso'' , ca. 1590. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Canon. Ital., 145, c. 40.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Strumento per riprodurre i disegni

}}

Gnomonic Stylus

2010-07-26T08:33:39Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Giovanni Battista Vimercati

|data= 1565

|descrizione= Simple but ingenious procedure described by the Carthusian monk Giovanni Battista Vimercati for enlarging the drawing of a sundial to the desired scale. The drawing is spread out on a table big enough to hold the enlarged drawing as well. In place of the gnomon, a stylus proportioned to the size of the desired dial is used. If the drawing is to be four times larger, the gnomonist must place another stylus four times longer than the first on the table. The drawing is reproduced by moving the table in the sunlight so that, at each move, the shadow of the shorter stylus touches a significant point on the dial. The corresponding position of the longer stylus’s shadow is then transcribed onto the sheet of paper. In his treatise on perspective Daniele Barbaro describes this procedure used also to reproduce "a fortress, a human figure, and anything else".

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Vimercati, Giovanni Battista, ''Dialogo della descrittione teorica et pratica degli horologi solari'', Venezia 1565, parte II, capp. II, IV, V. 

Barbaro, Daniele, ''La pratica della perspettiva'', Venezia 1569, Parte IX, cap. V. 

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Stilo gnomonico

}}

Folding Square

2010-07-26T08:33:08Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name in use since the 16th century (documented, for example, by Giovanni Pomodoro).

|inventore=

|data=

|descrizione= Synonymous with [[altazimuth square]], the instrument is generally composed of two arms hinged like a compass. Designed especially to measure acute and obtuse angles, the folding square was utilized in architectural drawing, surveying and fabricating oblique-angle architectural elements. For surveying, it was usually fitted with a [[compass]] in the joint. A more elaborate variant that also served as [[proportional Compasses]] was proposed by Andreas Albrecht as an instrument specifically designed for architectural drawing.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Leonardo da Vinci, ''Il Codice Atlantico della Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano'', Trascrizione critica Augusto Marinoni, presentazione Carlo Pedretti, nota alla trascrizione Pietro C. Marani. Firenze, Giunti, 2006, c. 361r. 
Dürer, Albrecht, ''Underweysung der messung mit dem zirckel und richtscheyt in linien, ebnen unnd gantzen corporen, durch Albrecht Dürer zusamen getzogen und zu nutz allen kunstliebhabenden mit zu gehörigen figuren in truck gebracht im jar 1525'', Nürnberg, 1525, III. 
Dürer, Albrecht. ''Albertus Durerus nurembergensis pictor huius aetatis celeberrimus, versus è Germanica lingua in Latinam, pictoribus, fabris aerariis ac lignariis, lapicidis, statuariis, et universis demùm qui circino, gnomone, libella, aut alioqui certam mensuram opera sua examinant propè necessarius, adeò exacte, quatuor his suarum institutionum geometricarum libris, lineas, superficies et solida corpora tractavit, ad hibitis designationibus ad eam rem accommodissimis'', Pariis, ex Officina C. Wechelii, 1535. 
Dürer, Albrecht, ''Underweysung der Messung, mit dem Zirckel und Richtscheyt in Linien Ebnen vo gantzen Corporen'', Nürenberg, durch Hieronymum Formschneyder, 1538. 
Pomodoro, Giovanni, ''Geometria prattica tratta dagl'Elementi d'Euclide ed altri auttori'', Roma, appresso Stefano de' Paulini, 1599. 
Albrecht, Andreas, ''Instrument zur Architectur'', Norimberga, 1622.

|strumentiesistenti=[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/FoldingSquare.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 1292.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/FoldingSquare_n01.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 3629.] 

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Squadra zoppa

}}

Elliptical Compasses

2010-07-26T08:32:20Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name used since the sixteenth century.

|inventore= Arab anonym

|data= X century

|descrizione= Compass for drawing ellipses. Documented already in Arab mathematical tradition under the name of [[perfect compass]], the instrument was illustrated in the sixteenth century by Benvenuto della Volpaia (who attributes its invention to Leonardo), Albrecht Dürer, Guidobaldo del Monte and other mathematicians. It generally consists of an inclined fixed leg representing the axis of a cone, and a revolving leg of variable length representing the generatrix. Turning around the inclined leg, the point of the revolving leg traces an elliptical curve on a sheet of paper. A variant designed to trace an ellipse as the oblique section of a cylinder is illustrated in a manuscript by the Venetian Senator Giacomo Contarini, who may have invented it.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Della Volpaia, Benvenuto, ''Macchine e strumenti'', ms., XVI secolo, Venezia, Biblioteca Marciana, It. IV, 41 (= 5363), c. 18 r: “Seste da far l’ovato”. 
Siena, Biblioteca degli Intronati, Ms. L.IV.10, c. 93. 
Siena, Biblioteca degli Intronati, Ms. S.IV.6, c. 65v. 
Benedetti, Giovanni Battista, ''Diversarum speculationum mathematicarum et phisicarum liber'', Torino, 1585, pp. 325-327. 
Besson, Jacques, ''Theatrum instrumentorum et machinarum'', Lione, 1578, Figura V. 
Del Monte, Guidobaldo, ''Planisphaeriorum universalium theorica'', Pesaro, 1579, pp. 105, 125. 
Barozzi, Francesco, ''Admirandum Illud Geometricum Problema'', Venezia, 1586, pp. 30-31. 
Contarini, Jacopo, ''Figure d'Istromenti Matematici e loro uso'', ms., ca. 1590, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Canon. Ital. 145, cc. 9-13. 
Bonino, Marco, ms., ca. 1580, Los Angeles, University of California, Ms 170/358, c. 12v. 
Scheiner, Christoph, ''Exegeses Fundamentorum Gnomonicorum'', Ingolstadt, 1615, p. 64. 
Oddi, Muzio, ''Degli Horologi solari'', Venezia, 1638, pp. 183 sgg. 

|strumentiesistenti= Chicago, Adler Planetarium, Mensing 101. 
Dresden, Staatlicher Mathemat.-Physikaliscer Salon, A.I.13. 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/BoxForMathematicalInstruments_n02.html Firenze, Museo Galileo. Istituto di Storia della Scienza, inv. 597.] 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/BoxForMathematicalInstruments_n04.html Firenze, Museo Galileo. Istituto di Storia della Scienza, inv. 2542.] 
Norimberga, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, WI 1801, compasso di Christoph Schissler. 

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 968744_00047.jpg | Benvenuto della Volpaia, Libro di macchine diverse, ca. 1520, Venezia, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Ms. It. IV, 41 (=5363), c. 18r. 

Image: 0059-40433.jpg |Modello del compasso ovale disegnato da benvenuto della Volpaia, Firenze, Museo galileo-Istituto di Storia della Scienza (2001). 

Image: 8820_3121_3494-056.jpg |Jacques Besson. ''Theatre des instrumens mathematiques de Iacques Besson ... / avec l'interpretation des figures d'iceluy par François Beroald''. Lyon, 1579, tav.5. 

Image: 8529_3201_2430-068.jpg | Francesco Barozzi. ''Admirandum illud geometricum problema tredecim modis demonstratum : quod docet duas lineas in eodem plano designare, quae nunquam inuicem coincidant, etiam si in infinitum protrahantur & quantò longiùs producuntur, tantò sibiinuicem propiores euadant / Francisco Barocio ... autore ; accessit etiam instrumentum quoddam olim ab eodem autore inuentum, quo cuiuslibet coni ortus ac trium conicarum sect'', Venetiis, 1586, p.31. 

Image: 959059_00114.jpg |Guidobaldo Del Monte, ''Planisphaeriorum universalium theorica'', Pesaro, 1579, p. 105. 

Image: 959059_00134.jpg |Guidobaldo Del Monte, ''Planisphaeriorum universalium theorica'', Pesaro, 1579, p. 125. 

Image: 1560_3283_0923-066.jpg |Compasso per ellissi e altre figure curvilinee, da ''Archimêdous Panta sôzomena = Archimedis Opera quae extant / nouis demonstrationibus commentariisque illustrata per Dauidem Riualtum a Flurantia'', Parisiis, 1615, p.234. 

Image: 8528_3202_1721-059.jpg |Giovanni Battista Benedetti. ''De gnomonum vmbrarumq[ue] solarium vsu liber ... : nunc primùm publicae vtilitati studiosorumq[ue] commoditati in lucem aeditus''. Torino, 1574, p.117r. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Compasso ovale, o da far l'ovato

}}

Square by Egnazio Danti

2010-07-26T08:31:54Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name adopted by the inventor.

|inventore= Egnazio Danti (1536-1586)

|data= ca. 1570

|descrizione= Perspective instrument designed by Egnazio Danti, perhaps while employed as teacher at the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno. It is a graduated square sliding along a guide placed on the margin of the sheet of drawing paper. The painter’s viewing point is replaced by a hook in the wall as in Albrecht Dürer’s [[window]], and the visual ray is represented by a string stretched taught between the hook and a point on the object to be drawn. The vertical arm of the square serves to intersect the “visual” string, while the horizontal one, thanks to the graduated scale, is used to transcribe the intersection point onto the drawing paper. The image observed is basically overturned on the horizontal plane. Danti proposes this instrument as a variant of Dürer’s window: "Add to the above-mentioned windows, this one reduced to the form of rules, which I once fabricated in this way in Florence. I used three rules, each four palms long …But I divided them into 40 parts each, and used them in such a way that, at point C, they were attached together to form a square..." Some variants of the instrument appear in manuscripts from the Veneto area that were owned by Giacomo Contarini and Gian Vincenzo Pinelli.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da. ''Le due regole della prospettiva pratica. Con i comentarij del R.P.M. Egnatio Danti''. In Roma, per Francesco Zannetti, 1583, p. 59. 
Anonimo, ''Prospettiva, o sia trattato matematico sopra i modi di mettere varie cose in perdimento, ò sia scorcio dichiarato con le figure'', Milano, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, P 103 Sup., c. 65. 
Contarini, Giacomo. ''Figure d'Istromenti matematici e loro uso'', ca. 1590, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Canon. Ital. 145, c. 17. 

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 301938_00077.jpg | Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola. ''Le due regole della prospettiva pratica'', Roma, 1583, p. 59. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Squadra di Egnazio Danti

}}

Double Parallel Ruler

2010-07-26T08:30:40Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name adopted by the inventor.

|inventore= Benjamin Martin (1705-1782)

|data= 1770

|descrizione= Instrument for perspective drawing and reproducing drawings based on the mechanism of the [[parallel ruler]], which in this case, doubled again, is called "double parallel ruler". The instrument consists of three horizontal rulers that remain parallel to one another, being connected to four small rods hinged to their ends. The lower ruler is fixed to the base of the stand supporting the drawing board with the sheet of paper. The middle ruler ensures that the horizontal rulers remain parallel to one another, while the upper ruler, carrying a sight, slides over the drawing paper. The sight is positioned at the top of a vertical rod fixed orthogonally the upper ruler at its midpoint. The painter, having established the viewing point, sights the distant points, intersects the visual ray with the sight and traces the resultant point on the paper at the base of the vertical rod. To reproduce a drawing on the same scale, the drawing is placed above the board, and the sight becomes an indicator of the various points to be transcribed.
|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Martin, Benjamin. ''The principles of perspective'', London, 1770.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Doppia riga parallela

}}

Double Compasses

2010-07-26T08:19:54Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome=
Name probably in use since the sixteenth century (documented in the inventory of Federico Cesi’s belongings).

|inventore=

|data= 1st C.?

|descrizione=
[[Reduction Compasses | Reduction compasses]] for measuring simple proportional ratios and for enlarging or reducing drawings. The instrument was formed of two intersecting legs with points on all ends and a fixed or variable hinge pin depending on the desired proportional ratios.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=
''Inventario dei beni di Federico Cesi'', Roma, Bibl. Lincea e Corsiniana, Archivio Linceo 32, cc. 84v-102v (“Compasso doppio di proportione col centro mobile scudi uno 8,50”). 

Nicolò, Anna; Solinas, Francesco. ''Per una analisi del collezionismo Linceo: L’Archivio Linceo 32 e il Museo di Federico Cesi'', in ''Federico Cesi'', Atti del Convegno (Acquasparta, 7-9 ottobre 1985) Roma, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 1986, pp. 193-212, in part. pp. 206-212.

Oddi, Muzio. ''Fabbrica et uso del compasso polimetro'', Milano 1633, proemio: “…uno di questi compassi, medesimamente con le punte doppie…”. 

|strumentiesistenti=
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/ReductionCompass_n01.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 633]. 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/FourpointProportionalCompasses.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 3567]. 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/CompoundMicroscopeInverted.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 655]. 
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/ReductionCompass_n02.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Inv. 3686]. 

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 0101-39792.jpg | Leonardo da Vinci. ''Il Codice Atlantico di Leonardo da Vinci : edizione in facsimile dopo il restauro dell'originale conservato nella Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano''. Firenze, 1973-1975, c. 1046r. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Compasso doppio

}}

Compasses without Center

2010-07-26T08:19:20Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Fabrizio Mordente

|data= ca. 1570

|descrizione= [[Compass]] for drawing large circles described by Giacomo Contarini as an invention of Fabrizio Mordente. The instrument is composed of four orthogonal rules, three of them fixed and one mobile. The user first drew a circle with an [[ordinary compass]], then adjusted the instrument so that the points of the fixed lateral rules and the central mobile one all rested on the same circumference. He then slid the compass along the circumference so that the point opposite the central ruler could trace a circle of larger radius, repeating this operation as many times as necessary.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Contarini,Giacomo, ''Figure d'Istromenti Matematici e loro uso'', ms, ca. 1590, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Canon. Ital. 145.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Compasso senza centro

}}

Perspectograph by Ludovico Cigoli

2010-07-26T08:19:03Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Ludovico Cigoli (1559-1613)

|data= ca. 1610

|descrizione= This instrument is the most important result of Cigoli’s studies on perspective. It was invented to allow painters to draw distant objects with the same objectivity as that imposed by the geometric rules for drawing nearby ones. This purpose is emblematically announced already on the title page of ''Prospettiva pratica'' [Practical perspective] where the instrument is illustrated in the form of an impresa bearing the Greek motto “ει παντα σπουδάξεις έφοράν” (“If you strive to observe all things”). Although similar in structure to [[Vignola’s perspectograph]], [[Egnazio Danti’s square]] and [[Buontalenti’s square]], on the operational level the instrument is an entirely original invention. By means of two strings, all of the points observed can be easily transcribed onto a sheet of drawing paper. On one of these strings, a square slides on parallel guides to intersect the visual ray with the vertical section rod. The other string moves a small ball along the section rod until it overlaps the point observed, and this position is automatically traced on the sheet of paper by means of a “marker” tied to the end of the string. The instrument served to draw from life objects, figures, urban vedutas and landscapes, but could also be used to enlarge a drawing on a wall or even on a vaulted ceiling. For the latter procedure, Cigoli devised the solution of inclining the section rod so as to control the drawing of the verticals on the ceiling’s curved surface. This technical stratagem suggested to the artist how to use the instrument for drawing anamorphoses. Portraying an object with the section inclined provides a deformed image that assumes its correct proportions only when observed from a precise viewing point. Based of this experience, Cigoli gives the rule for deforming an orthogonal grid, correcting the empirical construction previously furnished by Vignola. Using the instrument for anamorphoses was proposed again by J.F. Niceron in the second edition of his treatise on perspective.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Cardi, Ludovico detto Il Cigoli. ''Prospettiva pratica di fra Lodovico Cardi ... dimostrata con tre regole e la descrizione di dua strumenti da tirare in prospet. e modo di adoperarli et i cinque ordini di architet. con le loro misure''. [http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer/bid=921779 Firenze, Gabinetto dei disegni e delle stampe degli Uffizi, ms. 2660 A]. 
Niceron, Jean François. ''Thaumaturgus opticus, seu Admiranda optics per radium directum, catoptrices per radium reflectum'', Parigi 1646, II, pp. 191-204. 
Camerota, Filippo. ''L'architettura curiosa: anamorfosi e meccanismi prospettici per la ricerca dello spazio obliquo'', in ''Architettura e prospettiva tra inediti e rari'', a cura di Alessandro Gambuti, Alinea, Firenze 1987, pp. 79-111. 
Kemp, Martin. ''The Science of Art. Optical themes in western art from Brunelleschi to Seurat'', Yale University Press, New Haven e Londra 1990; trad. it., ''La scienza dell’arte. Prospettiva e percezione visiva da Brunelleschi a Seurat'', Giunti, Firenze 1994., p. 198-200. 
Kemp, Martin. ''Lodovico Cigoli on the Origins and Ragione of Painting'', in "Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen Institutes in Florenz", XXV, 1991, 1, pp. 133-152. 
Friess, Peter. ''Kunst und Maschine. 500 Jahre Maschinenlinien in Bild und Skulptur'', Deutscher Kunstverlag, München 1993., pp. 111-117. 

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 0820_3303_0569-002.jpg | Modello del prospettografo del Cigoli ricostruito in base ai disegni del trattato di ''Prospettiva pratica'', Firenze, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza. 

Image: AF0038-40860.jpg | Jean François Niceron, ''Thaumaturgus opticus'', paris 1646, tav. 37, lo strumento "scenografo cattolico" del Cigoli. 

Image: 0101-39697.jpg | Modello del prospettografo del Cigoli ricostruito in base ai disegni del trattato di ''Prospettiva pratica'', Firenze, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Prospettografo del Cigoli

}}

Perspectograph by Benjamin Bramer

2010-07-26T08:18:32Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Benjamin Bramer (1588-1652)

|data= 1630

|descrizione= Instrument for perspective drawing designed by the German architect Benjamin Bramer, a pupil and brother-in-law of the more famous mathematician and instrument-maker Jost Burgi. The instrument, formed of various modular components, can operate either like [[Wentzel’s perspectograph]] or like Ludovico Cigoli’s ''mazza'' ([[mace]]).

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Bramer, Benjamin, ''Beschreibung...'', ??, 1630.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Prospettografo di Benjamin Bramer

}}

Beam Compasses

2010-07-26T08:18:20Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name currently used. In the Renaissance it was called ''sestone'' ([[sextant]]).

|inventore=

|data= XV-XVI century.

|descrizione= Compass for drawing large circumferences composed of a long rod with two cursors sliding along it, carrying a fixed point and a pen point.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Della Volpaia, Benvenuto, ''Macchine e strumenti'', ms., XVI secolo, Venezia, Biblioteca Marciana, It. IV, 41 (= 5363), c. 53r-v, 56r.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 968744_00117.jpg | Benvenuto Della Volpaia, ''Macchine e strumenti'', ms., XVI secolo, Venezia, Biblioteca Marciana, It. IV, 41 (= 5363), c. 53r. 

Image: 968744_00118.jpg | Benvenuto Della Volpaia, ''Macchine e strumenti'', ms., XVI secolo, Venezia, Biblioteca Marciana, It. IV, 41 (= 5363), c. 53v. 

Image: 968744_00123.jpg | Benvenuto Della Volpaia, ''Macchine e strumenti'', ms., XVI secolo, Venezia, Biblioteca Marciana, It. IV, 41 (= 5363), c. 56r. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Compasso ad asta

}}

Sight by Jacob Keser

2010-07-26T08:17:51Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Jacob Keser

|data= ca. 1530

|descrizione= Illustrated by Albrecht Dürer in the second edition of his treatise on geometry (1538), the instrument was invented by a certain Jacob Keser, described by Dürer as a particularly ingenious individual. This device eliminated the operational limitations of the [[glass]], where the viewing point had to be close enough to let the painter draw directly on the glass. With Keser’s device the painter, looking through a sight "as you would do with a rifle", could draw directly on the glass although positioning the “eye”, that is, a hook in the wall, at any distance. The sight was tied to the hook and had an adjustable finder so that the observer’s eye always remained on the line joining the hook to the finder, regardless of the distance. A well-known engraving by Jost Amman suggests that Keser’s invention had a certain success in the cartographic field, in representing birds-eye views of cities. For a variant of this instrument, see [[Ludovico Cigoli’s sight]].

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Dürer, Albrecht, ''Underweysung der Messung, mit dem Zirckel und Richtscheyt : in Linien Ebnen vo gantzen Corporen / durch Albrecht Dürer ...'', Gedruckt zu Nürenberg : Durch Hieronymum Formschneyder, 1538, IV.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Traguardo di Jacob Keser

}}

Perspectograph by Johann H.Lambert

2010-07-26T08:17:35Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome= Has no specific name.

|inventore= Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777)

|data= 1752

|descrizione= Instrument for drawing a ground plan in perspective. It consists of a set of rulers and a square with cursors and slots. Two rulers of the same length are fixed parallel to the drawing board. One of them serves as ''ground line'', the other as ''horizon line''. Another two rulers, rather long, are hinged to the ''horizon line'' ruler, one at the ''principal point'', the other at the distance point. These rulers intersect, forming a triangle of variable height thanks to a cursor sliding in their slots. Sliding along the ground line is the square hinged with a cursor to the ruler converging at the ''principal point''. Attached to the square with cursors is another ruler also oriented at 45°, whose lower end is also attached to the ruler converging at the ''distance point''. The plan drawing is fixed below the ''ground line'' while the sheet on which the perspective view is to be drawn is above it, between it and the ''horizon line''. The draughtsman brings the cursor joining the two intersecting rulers to any point on the plan and traces the matching perspective position of the point at the stopping point of the cursor that joins the 45° ruler to the vertical side of the square.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Lambert, Johann Heinrich. ''Anlage zur perspektive'', ms., 1752, Basel, Universitätsbibliothek, B 736.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Prospettografo di Lambert

}}

Protractor

2010-07-26T08:16:58Z

Dinni:

{{Template invention

|nome=
Name currently in use, deriving from the Greek ''gonia'' (angle) and ''metron'' (measure).

|inventore=

|data=

|descrizione=
Generic name for instruments used to divide circles and measure plane angles. They can be circular, semicircular or rectangular. To increase its accuracy, the protractor was often inserted in a nonius, a device for enhancing the precision of the measurements made by a direct readout on a graduated scale. The instrument often came with other accessories, such as folding metal arms and plumb bobs. A singular variant for the layouts of fortresses is described by Giacomo Contarini as one of Fabrizio Mordente's inventions.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici=
Contarini, Giacomo. ''Figure d'Istromenti Matematici e loro uso'', ms, ca. 1590, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Canon. Ital. 145, c. 23.

|strumentiesistenti=
[http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Protractor_n02.html Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 613.] 
[http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/museum/esim.asp?c=402080 Florence, Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, inv. 1126, 612.]

|link=

|immagini=

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1= Measuring instruments
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Goniometro

}}