Inventions - User contributions [en]

Perspectographs by George Adams

Wikiadmin — Wed, 22 Jun 2011 10:20:18 GMT

Wikiadmin:

{{Template invention

|nome=

|inventore= George Adams Jr. (1750-1795)

|data= 1791

|descrizione= Two instruments for perspective drawing invented by the English mathematical instrument maker George Adams Jr. According to Adams, the novelty of these two instruments is that “The object is delineated on a horizontal plane, the pencil B, may be moved in any direction, whether curved or straight, with the utmost freedom.” In other words, both instruments, unlike its mechanical predecessors since [[Perspectograph by Ludovico Cigoli | Cigoli’s perspectograph]], allowed the draughtsman to use direct contour drawing, by simply moving the pencil, in which turn activated the cursor (sight) that was used to survey the object or landscape and traced it into an image.
Presumably, both Adams devices do not seem to be as effective as the author advocated. Their first problem is related to the difference in resistance of the two complex mechanisms used to move the pencil and the sight simultaneously in compliance: to move vertically the sight in the first machine (Fig. 1, Plate XXXII), Adams adopts a cable, two pulleys, a spring and two ‘pantographs’ attached at right angles; to move the same sight horizontally he uses only four casters, fitted in the groove that serves the crossbeam that supports the machine. The two casters next to the the pencil and under the horizontal ‘pantograph’ can be moved in any direction and help keeping the mechanism leveled and stable, regardless of the direction in which it is moved while drawing. The larger caster in the backround of the machine goes into action only when the mecanism is moved laterally. In Adam’s second device (Fig. 2, Plate XXXII), although he employes a different mechanical solution, there is also a considerable gap between the resistence of the two mechanisms used to move the cursor vertically and horizontally. Even if the prototypes were refinedly calibrated, it is legitimate to have some doubts on these machines efficiency and on how the pencil could actually be moved freely and with the same smoothness in any direction. In theoretical terms it would be possible to adopt a contour drawing, but perhaps more practical and accurate would be to use less sophisticated machines, such as the ones proposed a few years before by Johan Gabriel Doppelmayr (1677-1750), in Nicolas Bion’s Neueröfnete matematische Werkschule, or by James Watt (1736-1819) and James Lind (1716-1794), in Martin Benjamin’s Principles of Perspective, in which both machines the image would be obtained dot by dot.
To our knowledge no drawings have survived made with the two Adams spectacular mechanisms, probably because Francis Ronald’s (1788-1873) perspectograph, followed by Charles Gavard (1794-1871) and Adrien Gavard of Paris diagraphes would in turn be lighter, more portable and efficient. On the other hand, it is known that in this period the camera obscura was the most popular drawing device, and curiously, just a few years later, around 1806 or even before, William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) would patent the camera lucida, the most efficient and popular capturing device invented before the discovery of the chemical process that would lead to photography. In fact, the camera obscura and camera lucida have another significant advantage over all the mechanical drawing apparatus ever invented: they would enable, although in different ways and through different principles, the juxtaposition of the object and the image to be traced.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Adams, George. ''Geometrical and Graphical Essays, Containing a General Description of the Mathematical Instruments Used in Geometry, Civil and Military Surveying, Levelling and Perspective, with many new Practical Problems''. London, 1803 (1st edition 1791), pp. 458-460 and Plate XXXII. 
Kemp, Martin. ''The Science of Art. Optical themes in Western Art from Brunelleschi to Seurat''. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990, pp. 187-189. 
Cabezas, Lino. ''Las máquinas de dibujar. Entre el mito de la visión objetiva y la ciencia de la representación''. In: MOLINA, Juan J. G. (Edit.). Máquinas y Herramientas de Dibujo. Madrid: Ed. Cátedra, 2002, p. 233.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: george_adams_perspectographs.jpg | George Adams Jr. (1750-1795), perspective instruments, ''Geometrical and Graphical Essays...'', 1791). 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Pedro Maia

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Prospettografi di George Adams

}}

Perspectographs by George Adams

Wikiadmin — Wed, 22 Jun 2011 10:19:32 GMT

Wikiadmin: Created page with '{{Template invention |nome= |inventore= George Adams Jr. (1750-1795) |data= 1791 |descrizione= Two instruments for perspective drawing invented by the English mathematical i…'

How to partecipate

Wikiadmin — Tue, 31 May 2011 14:49:48 GMT

Wikiadmin:

Non-registered users have only reading access to the entries. Registered users are entitled to start a discussion to suggest improvements or corrections in the catalogue, without intervening directly on the entries. To register, the following information is required: user name, password, first name and last name, profession, email, and institution of reference when applicable. The personal data furnished will be utilized, in full respect for privacy, exclusively for managing the project and will never be communicated to others.

If you would like to propose a new record, you can send the text to the editorial staff at: [mailto:wikiadmin@imss.fi.it wikiadmin@imss.fi.it]

[[it:Come partecipare al progetto]]

Talk:Perfect Compasses

Wikiadmin — Mon, 29 Nov 2010 13:17:19 GMT

Wikiadmin:

The arab name is al-birkar al-tam, and not al-birkar al-tamam. --[[User:Marouane|Marouane]] 21:35, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Thank you.
--[[User:Wikiadmin|Wikiadmin]] 13:17, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Perfect Compasses

Wikiadmin — Mon, 29 Nov 2010 13:14:25 GMT

Wikiadmin:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name currently used as translation of the Arab ''al-Birkàr'' (compass) ''al-Tam'' (complete, perfect).

|inventore= arab mathematician

|data= X century

|descrizione= Compass used for drawing continuous conic sections (ellipses, hyperbolas, and parabolas) developed by Arab mathematicians around the ninth century and described in a specific treatise by Abu Sahl Waijan ibn Rustam al-Quhi (c. 940 - c. 1000) and Mohammed Ibn el Hossein (12th c.). The instrument was composed of two unequal legs, one fixed, the other variable. The variable leg was adjusted in relation to the inclination of the cone’s axis (fixed leg of the compass) in respect to the sheet of drawing paper. In the Renaissance it was known as “oval compass, or compass for drawing ovals” ([[Elliptical Compasses |elliptical compasses]]) and several variants were designed by the leading mathematicians of the time.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Muhammad ‘Abd Allah Ibn al-Hassär, e Ibn Yünus, ''Risãlah al-Birkàr al-Tamam''. 
Barozzi, Francesco, ''Admirandum illud geometricum problema tredecim modis demonstratum : quod docet duas lineas in eodem plano designare, quae nunquam inuicem coincidant, etiam si in infinitum protrahantur & quantò longiùs producuntur, tantò sibiinuicem propiores euadant / Francisco Barocio ... autore ; accessit etiam instrumentum quoddam olim ab eodem autore inuentum, quo cuiuslibet coni ortus ac trium conicarum sectionum in plano descriptio fit ; cum indice locupletissimo eorum quae toto opere continentur'', Venetiis, apud Gratiosum Perchacinum, 1586, pp. 30-31. 
Benedetti, Giovanni Battista, ''Io. Baptistae Benedicti ... De gnomonum vmbrarumq[ue] solarium vsu liber ... : nunc primùm publicae vtilitati studiosorumq[ue] commoditati in lucem aeditus'', Augustae Taurinorum, apud haeredes Nicolai Beuilaquae, 1574, pp. 115.117. 
Woepcke, F. ''Trois traité Arabes sur le Compas Parfait'', in "Notice at Extraicts des Manuscripts de la Bibliothèque Nationale", 22, 1874, pp. 1-175.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 8529_3201_2430-067.jpg | Francesco Barozzi, ''Admirandum illud geometricum problema'', Venezia 1586, p. 30 

Image: 8529_3201_2430-068.jpg | Francesco Barozzi, ''Admirandum illud geometricum problema'', Venezia 1586, p. 31. 

Image: 8528_3202_1721-059.jpg | Giovanni Battista Benedetti, ''De gnomonum vmbrarumq[ue] solarium vsu liber'', Torino 1574, p. 117. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Compasso perfetto
}}

Perfect Compasses

Wikiadmin — Mon, 29 Nov 2010 13:13:49 GMT

Wikiadmin:

{{Template invention

|nome= Name currently used as translation of the Arab ''al-Birkàr'' (compass) ''al-Tam'' (complete, perfect).

|inventore= arab mathematician

|data= X century

|descrizione= Compass used for drawing continuous conic sections (ellipses, hyperbolas, and parabolas) developed by Arab mathematicians around the ninth century and described in a specific treatise by Abu Sahl Waijan ibn Rustam al-Quhi (c. 940 - c. 1000) and Mohammed Ibn el Hossein (12th c.). The instrument was composed of two unequal legs, one fixed, the other variable. The variable leg was adjusted in relation to the inclination of the cone’s axis (fixed leg of the compass) in respect to the sheet of drawing paper. In the Renaissance it was known as “oval compass, or compass for drawing ovals” ([[Elliptical Compasses |elliptical compasses]]) and several variants were designed by the leading mathematicians of the time.

|componenti=

|riferimentibibliografici= Muhammad ‘Abd Allah Ibn al-Hassär, e Ibn Yünus, ''Risãlah al-Birkàr al-Tamam'', ??. 
Barozzi, Francesco, ''Admirandum illud geometricum problema tredecim modis demonstratum : quod docet duas lineas in eodem plano designare, quae nunquam inuicem coincidant, etiam si in infinitum protrahantur & quantò longiùs producuntur, tantò sibiinuicem propiores euadant / Francisco Barocio ... autore ; accessit etiam instrumentum quoddam olim ab eodem autore inuentum, quo cuiuslibet coni ortus ac trium conicarum sectionum in plano descriptio fit ; cum indice locupletissimo eorum quae toto opere continentur'', Venetiis, apud Gratiosum Perchacinum, 1586, pp. 30-31. 
Benedetti, Giovanni Battista, ''Io. Baptistae Benedicti ... De gnomonum vmbrarumq[ue] solarium vsu liber ... : nunc primùm publicae vtilitati studiosorumq[ue] commoditati in lucem aeditus'', Augustae Taurinorum, apud haeredes Nicolai Beuilaquae, 1574, pp. 115.117. 
Woepcke, F. ''Trois traité Arabes sur le Compas Parfait'', in "Notice at Extraicts des Manuscripts de la Bibliothèque Nationale", 22, 1874, pp. 1-175.

|strumentiesistenti=

|link=

|immagini= <gallery widths=230 heights=368 perrow=3>

Image: 8529_3201_2430-067.jpg | Francesco Barozzi, ''Admirandum illud geometricum problema'', Venezia 1586, p. 30 

Image: 8529_3201_2430-068.jpg | Francesco Barozzi, ''Admirandum illud geometricum problema'', Venezia 1586, p. 31. 

Image: 8528_3202_1721-059.jpg | Giovanni Battista Benedetti, ''De gnomonum vmbrarumq[ue] solarium vsu liber'', Torino 1574, p. 117. 

</gallery>

|autore_scheda= Filippo Camerota

|categoria_1=
|categoria_2= Drawing instruments
|categoria_3=
|categoria_4=
|categoria_5=
|categoria_6=
|categoria_7=
|categoria_8=
|categoria_9=
|categoria_10=

|italiano= Compasso perfetto
}}

Category:Instruments Making Machines

Wikiadmin — Mon, 29 Nov 2010 13:00:24 GMT

Wikiadmin:

[[category:Machines]]
[[it:Category:Macchine per costruire strumenti]]

Category:Instruments Making Machines

Wikiadmin — Mon, 29 Nov 2010 12:59:14 GMT

Wikiadmin: Created page with 'category:Machines it:Macchine per costruire strumenti'

[[category:Machines]]
[[it:Macchine per costruire strumenti]]

Talk:Main Page

Wikiadmin — Thu, 04 Nov 2010 08:20:47 GMT

Wikiadmin:

This project is an excellent idea. Congratulations to whoever was the originator.

I do think, however, that the project's historical range should be extended forward to include the 18th and 19th centuries. There are too many instruments of interest in these two centuries to be omitted

I would also like to suggest an additional category, either under MACHINES, or as a separate major category: PRODUCTION APPARATUS - devices and machinery developed for the specific purpose of making scientific instruments. e.g. graduating engines, for graduating the scales, either circular or linear, of instruments. Ramsden's graduating engine comes to mind as an example, as do the Hedge and Hubbard graduating engines (19th century) for graduating linear scales.

I look forward to following the development of this database and the ancillary discussions it will engender.

Patentguru

Thank you for the compliments!

We accepted your proposal and we are going to add the category "Instruments making machines" under the title MACHINES.

Regarding the historical range we would like to specify that the 18th century is included, while we decided not to include the 19th and 20th centuries, at least for the moment. Indeed there should be a lot of categories for this period of time and it could therefore be difficult to organize the material; but if you have some suggestions, we would be happy to take notes for future use.
--[[User:Wikiadmin|Wikiadmin]] 12:26, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Talk:Main Page

Wikiadmin — Thu, 04 Nov 2010 08:19:54 GMT

Wikiadmin:

This project is an excellent idea. Congratulations to whoever was the originator.

I do think, however, that the project's historical range should be extended forward to include the 18th and 19th centuries. There are too many instruments of interest in these two centuries to be omitted

I would also like to suggest an additional category, either under MACHINES, or as a separate major category: PRODUCTION APPARATUS - devices and machinery developed for the specific purpose of making scientific instruments. e.g. graduating engines, for graduating the scales, either circular or linear, of instruments. Ramsden's graduating engine comes to mind as an example, as do the Hedge and Hubbard graduating engines (19th century) for graduating linear scales.

I look forward to following the development of this database and the ancillary discussions it will engender.

Patentguru

Thank you for the compliments!

We accepted your proposal and we added the category "Instruments making machines" under the title MACHINES.

Regarding the historical range we would like to specify that the 18th century is included, while we decided not to include the 19th and 20th centuries, at least for the moment. Indeed there should be a lot of categories for this period of time and it could therefore be difficult to organize the material; but if you have some suggestions, we would be happy to take notes for future use.
--[[User:Wikiadmin|Wikiadmin]] 12:26, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Talk:Main Page

Wikiadmin — Sun, 31 Oct 2010 12:27:38 GMT

Wikiadmin:

This project is an excellent idea. Congratulations to whoever was the originator.

I do think, however, that the project's historical range should be extended forward to include the 18th and 19th centuries. There are too many instruments of interest in these two centuries to be omitted

I would also like to suggest an additional category, either under MACHINES, or as a separate major category: PRODUCTION APPARATUS - devices and machinery developed for the specific purpose of making scientific instruments. e.g. graduating engines, for graduating the scales, either circular or linear, of instruments. Ramsden's graduating engine comes to mind as an example, as do the Hedge and Hubbard graduating engines (19th century) for graduating linear scales.

I look forward to following the development of this database and the ancillary discussions it will engender.

Patentguru

Thanks for the compliments!

We accepted your proposal and we are going to add the category "Instruments making machines" under MACHINES.

Regarding the historical range we would like to specify that the 18th century is already included, while we decided not to include the 19th and 20th centuries, at least for the moment. Indeed there should be a lot of categories for this period and it could be difficult to organize the material; but if you have some suggestions, we can take notes for the future.
--[[User:Wikiadmin|Wikiadmin]] 12:26, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Talk:Main Page

Wikiadmin — Sun, 31 Oct 2010 12:26:46 GMT

Wikiadmin:

This project is an excellent idea. Congratulations to whoever was the originator.

I do think, however, that the project's historical range should be extended forward to include the 18th and 19th centuries. There are too many instruments of interest in these two centuries to be omitted

I would also like to suggest an additional category, either under MACHINES, or as a separate major category: PRODUCTION APPARATUS - devices and machinery developed for the specific purpose of making scientific instruments. e.g. graduating engines, for graduating the scales, either circular or linear, of instruments. Ramsden's graduating engine comes to mind as an example, as do the Hedge and Hubbard graduating engines (19th century) for graduating linear scales.

I look forward to following the development of this database and the ancillary discussions it will engender.

Patentguru

Thanks for the compliments!
We accepted your proposal and we are going to add the category "Instruments making machines" under MACHINES.
Regarding the historical range we would like to specify that the 18th century is already included, while we decided not to include the 19th and 20th centuries, at least for the moment. Indeed there should be a lot of categories for this period and it could be difficult to organize the material; but if you have some suggestions, we can take notes for the future.
--[[User:Wikiadmin|Wikiadmin]] 12:26, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Category:Building, Idraulic and Working Machines

Wikiadmin — Thu, 14 Oct 2010 09:14:25 GMT

Wikiadmin: Created page with 'Category:Machines it:Category:Macchine da costruzione, idrauliche e da lavoro'

[[Category:Machines]]
[[it:Category:Macchine da costruzione, idrauliche e da lavoro]]

Category:War Machines

Wikiadmin — Thu, 14 Oct 2010 09:08:12 GMT

Wikiadmin: Created page with 'Category:Machines it:Category:Macchine da guerra'

[[Category:Machines]]
[[it:Category:Macchine da guerra]]

Category:Theatrical Machines

Wikiadmin — Thu, 14 Oct 2010 09:07:08 GMT

Wikiadmin: Created page with 'Category:Machines it:Category:Macchine sceniche'

[[Category:Machines]]
[[it:Category:Macchine sceniche]]